Method for increasing hemoprotein production in filamentous fungi

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to methods of producing hemoproteins comprising (a) introducing into a filamentous fungal cell, which is capable of producing the hemoprotein, (i) one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell, wherein the one or more of the first control sequences are operably linked to the first nucleic acid sequence; and/or (ii) one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme; (b) cultivating the filamentous fungal cell in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the hemoprotein and the heme biosynthetic enzymes; and (c) recovering the hemoprotein from the nutrient medium of the filamentous fungal cell.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/871,267 filed Jun. 9, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,057, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/662,752 filed Jun. 10, 1996, now abandoned, and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/041,158 filed Mar. 17, 1997, which applications are fully incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods of producing hemoproteins in filamentous fungi and to filamentous fungal cells capable of producing hemoproteins.

2. Description of the Related Art

Heme, a chelate complex of protoporphyrin IX and iron, serves as a prosthetic group of hemoproteins. Protoporphyrin IX consists of a porphyrin ring, substituted with four methyl groups, two vinyl groups, and two propionic acid groups, which acquires an iron atom to form heme. The biosynthesis of heme from glycine and succinyl-CoA involves eight enzymatic steps which are catalyzed by 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.37), porphobilinogen synthase (EC 4.2.1.24), porphobilinogen deaminase (EC 4.3.1.8), uroporphyrinogen III synthase (EC 4.2.11.75), uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.37), coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (EC 1.3.3.3), protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4), and ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1). 5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase catalyzes the condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA to form 5-aminolevulinic acid. Porphobilinogen synthase (also called 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase or 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase) catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid to form porphobilinogen. Porphobilinogen deaminase (also called hydroxymethylbilane synthase or uro I synthase) catalyzes the tetrapolymerization of pyrole porphobilinogen into preuroporphyrinogen. Uroporphyrinogen III synthase (also called uro III synthase or uro III cosynthase) catalyzes a rearrangement of the fourth ring of preuroporphyrinogen followed by cyclization to produce uroporphyrinogen III. Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (also called uro D or uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase) catalyzes the decarboxylation of all four acetic acid side chains of uroporphyrinogen III to methyl groups to yield coproporphyrinogen III. Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (also called coproporphyrinogenase) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of two propionate groups at positions 2 and 4 on the A and B rings of coproporphyrinogen III to vinyl groups yielding protoporphyrinogen IX. Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase catalyzes a six electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to yield protoporphyrin IX. Ferrochelatase (also called ferrolyase, heme synthase, or protoheme ferrolyase) catalyzes the insertion of iron into the protoporphyrin to yield heme.

The conversion of an apoprotein into a hemoprotein depends on the availability of heme provided by the heme biosynthetic pathway. The apoprotein form of the hemoprotein combines with heme to produce the active hemoprotein which acquires a conformation which makes the hemoprotein more stable against proteolytic attack than the apoprotein. If the amount of heme produced by a microorganism is less relative to the amount of the apoprotein produced, the apoprotein will accumulate and undergo proteolytic degradation lowering the yield of the active hemoprotein.

In order to overcome this problem, Jensen showed that the addition of heme or a heme-containing material to a fermentation medium led to a significant increase in the yield of a peroxidase produced by Aspergillus oryzae (WO 93/19195). While heme supplementation of a fermentation medium results in a significant improvement in the yield of a hemoprotein, it is non-kosher, costly, and difficult to implement on a large scale.

Wu et al. (1991, Journal of Bacteriology 173:325-333) disclose a method for overexpression of an E. coli NADPH-sulfite reductase, a sirohemoprotein, comprising introducing a Salmonella typhimurium cysG gene, which encodes a uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase required for the synthesis of siroheme, in a plasmid.

It is an object of the present invention to provide improved methods for increasing production of hemoproteins in filamentous fungal strains to yield commercially significant quantities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of producing a hemoprotein, comprising:

(a) introducing into a filamentous fungal cell,

(i) one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell, wherein the one or more of the first control sequences are operably linked to the first nucleic acid sequence; and/or

(ii) one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme;

(b) cultivating the filamentous fungal cell in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the hemoprotein and the heme biosynthetic enzymes; and

(c) recovering the hemoprotein from the nutrient medium of the filamentous fungal cell.

The present invention also relates to recombinant filamentous fungal cells comprising one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell and/or one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding heme biosynthetic enzymes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a restriction map of plasmid pSE04.

FIG. 2 shows a restriction map of a 4.2 kb genomic fragment containing an Aspergillus oryzae 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase gene. Scale in kilobases (kb) is shown under the map. The arrow represents the location of the open reading frame of the gene.

FIG. 3 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of an Aspergillus oryzae 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase gene (SEQ ID NOS: 1 and 2, respectively). Potentially important transcriptional sites, CCAAT box and TATA box are underlined. The two conserved putative HRM motifs are boxed; the glycine loop involved in pyridoxal phosphate co-factor binding is circled and the important lysine is indicated with an asterisk.

FIG. 4 shows the conserved heme regulatory motifs in various 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase genes. The pentapeptide motifs are boxed.

FIG. 5 shows the alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences for 5-aminolevulinic acid synthases from Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus nidulans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human erythroid (SEQ ID NOS: 2, 22, 23 and 24, respectively). Conserved amino acids are boxed.

FIG. 6 shows a restriction map of plasmid pBANe6.

FIG. 7 shows a restriction map of plasmid pSE31.

FIG. 8 shows the construction of plasmid pJVi9.

FIG. 9 shows a restriction map of plasmid pJeRS6.

FIG. 10 shows a restriction map of plasmid pJRoC50.

FIG. 11 shows a restriction map of plasmid pAJ005-1.

FIG. 12 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the Aspergillus oryzae porphobilinogen synthase gene (SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4, respectively). CAAT boxes are underlined and TATA boxes are boxed. The putative intron is identified with a dotted underline and the putative zinc finger domain is identified with a dashed underline. The library probe is identified with a dark solid underline and the active lysine is circled.

FIG. 13 shows the alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences for porphobilinogen synthases from B. subtilis, E. coli, human, pea, rat, spinach, yeast and Aspergillus oryzae (SEQ ID NOS: 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 4, respectively).

FIG. 14 shows a restriction map of pAJ023.

FIG. 15 shows a restriction map of plasmid pSE7t1.

FIG. 16 shows a restriction map of plasmid pSE37.

FIG. 17 shows a restriction map of plasmid pSE39.

FIG. 18 shows a restriction map of plasmid pMT1612.

FIG. 19 shows a restriction map of plasmid pBANe13.

FIG. 20 shows a restriction map of plasmid pSE38.

FIG. 21 shows a restriction map of plasmid pJaL292.

FIG. 22 shows a restriction map of plasmid pKS6.

FIG. 23 shows a restriction map of plasmid pMHan37.

FIG. 24 shows a restriction map of plasmid pBANe8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of producing a hemoprotein, comprising:

(a) introducing into a filamentous fungal cell,

(i) one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell, wherein the one or more of the first control sequences are operably linked to the first nucleic acid sequence; and/or

(ii) one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme;

(b) cultivating the filamentous fungal cell in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the hemoprotein and the heme biosynthetic enzymes; and

(c) recovering the hemoprotein from the nutrient medium of the filamentous fungal cell.

“Hemoprotein” is defined herein as any member of a group of proteins containing heme as a prosthetic group. The hemoprotein may be a globin, a cytochrome, an oxidoreductase, or any other protein containing a heme as a prosthetic group. Heme-containing globins include hemoglobin and myoglobin. Heme-containing cytochromes include cytochrome P450, cytochrome b, cytochrome c₁, and cytochrome c. Heme-containing oxidoreductases include, but are not limited to, a catalase, an oxidase, an oxygenase, a haloperoxidase, and a peroxidase. In a preferred embodiment, the oxidoreductase is a catalase. In another preferred embodiment, the oxidoreductase is an oxidase. In another preferred embodiment, the oxidoreductase is an oxygenase. In another preferred embodiment, the oxidoreductase is a haloperoxidase. In another preferred embodiment, the oxidoreductase is a peroxidase. In a more preferred embodiment, the peroxidase is obtained from a Coprinus strain, an Arthromyces strain, or a Phanerochaete strain. In an even more preferred embodiment, the peroxidase is obtained from a Coprinus cinereus strain, e.g., Coprinus cinereus IFO 8371, a Coprinus macrorhizus strain, or an Arthromyces ramosus strain. In another more preferred embodiment, the catalase is obtained from a Scytalidium strain, an Aspergillus strain, or a Humicola strain. In another even more preferred embodiment, the catalase is obtained from a Scytalidium thermophilum strain, e.g., Scytalidium thermophilum CBS 117.65, an Aspergillus niger strain, or a Humicola insolens strain.

The hemoprotein may be native or foreign to the filamentous fungal cell.

The control sequences and/or the nucleic acid sequences can be introduced into the filamentous fungal cell by methods well known in the art. For example, the sequences may be introduced and integrated into the host genome by homologous or non-homologous recombination where one or more copies of the sequences are integrated into a single target sequence and/or multiple target sequences. Alternatively, the sequences may be introduced and maintained as a non-integrated expression vector, e.g., a self-replicating extrachromosomal plasmid. A standard procedure in the art for introducing a nucleic acid sequence into a filamentous fungal cell involves protoplast formation, transformation of the protoplasts, and regeneration of the cell wall of the transformed protoplasts in a manner known per se (see EP 238 023 and Malardier et al., 1989, Gene 78:147-156). The cell is preferably transformed with an integrative vector comprising a nucleic acid construct which contained the control sequences and/or nucleic acid sequences encoding the heme biosynthetic enzymes where the construct is conveniently integrated into the host genome of the filamentous fungal cell, preferably the chromosome(s). The term “nucleic acid construct” is defined herein to mean a nucleic acid molecule, either single- or double-stranded, which is isolated from a naturally occurring gene or which has been modified to contain segments of nucleic acids which are combined and juxtaposed in a manner which would not otherwise exist in nature.

The filamentous fungal cells of the present invention are cultivated in a nutrient medium suitable for production of the hemoprotein and the heme biosynthetic enzymes using methods known in the art. For example, the cell may be cultivated by shake flask cultivation, small-scale or large-scale fermentation (including continuous, batch, fed-batch, or solid state fermentations) in laboratory or industrial fermentors performed in a suitable medium and under conditions allowing the hemoprotein to be expressed and/or isolated. The cultivation takes place in a suitable nutrient medium comprising carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salts, using procedures known in the art (see, e.g., Bennett, J. W. and LaSure, L., eds., More Gene Manipulations in Fungi, Academic Press, CA, 1991). Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared using published compositions (e.g., in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). If the hemoprotein is secreted into the nutrient medium, the hemoprotein can be recovered directly from the medium. The signal peptide coding region for secretion of the hemoprotein in the filamentous fungal host cell may be obtained, e.g., from Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase gene, Aspergillus niger neutral amylase gene, the Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase gene, the Humicola lanuginosa cellulase gene, or the Rhizomucor miehei lipase gene. If the hemoprotein is not secreted, it is recovered from cell lysates.

The resulting hemoprotein may be recovered by methods known in the art. For example, the hemoprotein may be recovered from the nutrient medium by conventional procedures including, but not limited to, centrifugation, filtration, extraction, spray-drying, evaporation, or precipitation. The recovered protein may then be further purified by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g., ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.

In one aspect of the present invention, a hemoprotein is produced in higher amounts in a filamentous fungal cell by introducing into the filamentous fungal cell one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by the first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell, wherein the one or more of the first control sequences are operably linked to the first nucleic acid sequence.

The first nucleic acid sequence may be any filamentous fungal nucleic acid sequence encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme selected from the group consisting of a 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, a porphobilinogen synthase, a porphobilinogen deaminase, an uroporphyrinogen synthase, an uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, a coproporphyrinogen oxidase, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase, and a ferrochelatase, wherein the first nucleic acid sequence is endogenous to the filamentous fungal host cell. The term “endogenous” is defined herein as originating from the filamentous fungal host cell.

The term “control sequences” is meant herein to include all components which are necessary or advantageous for expression of the coding sequence of the first nucleic acid sequence. The control sequences may be native to the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the heme biosynthetic enzyme, may be obtained from other sources, or may be a combination of native and foreign control sequences. The foreign control sequences may simply replace or be added to the natural control sequences in order to obtain enhanced production of the desired heme biosynthetic enzyme relative to the natural control sequence normally associated with the coding sequence. Such control sequences include, but are not limited to, a leader, a polyadenylation sequence, a propeptide sequence, a promoter, a signal sequence, and a transcription terminator. For expression under the direction of control sequences, the first nucleic acid sequence to be used according to the present invention is operably linked to the control sequences in such a way that expression of the coding sequence of the first nucleic acid sequence is achieved under conditions compatible with the control sequences. The term “coding sequence” as defined herein is a sequence which is transcribed into mRNA and translated into a heme biosynthetic enzyme when placed under the control of the above mentioned control sequences. The boundaries of the coding sequence are determined by a translation start codon at the 5′-terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′-terminus. A coding sequence can include, but is not limited to, DNA, cDNA, and recombinant nucleic acid sequences.

The first control sequence may be an appropriate promoter sequence, a nucleic acid sequence which is recognized by the filamentous fungal host for expression of the first nucleic acid sequence. The promoter sequence contains transcription and translation control sequences which mediate the expression of the heme biosynthetic enzyme. The promoter may be any promoter sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be obtained from genes either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the first nucleic acid sequence in a filamentous fungal host are promoters obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger neutral α-amylase, Aspergillus niger acid stable α-amylase, Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase (glaA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, Aspergillus oryzae alkaline protease, Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase, Aspergillus nidulans acetamidase, and hybrids thereof. Particularly preferred promoters are the TAKA amylase, NA2-tpi (a hybrid of the promoters from the genes encoding Aspergillus niger neutral α-amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase), and glaA promoters.

The first control sequence may also be a suitable transcription terminator sequence, a sequence recognized by the filamentous fungal host to terminate transcription. The terminator sequence is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the heme biosynthetic enzyme. The terminator sequence may be native to the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the heme biosynthetic enzyme or may be obtained from other sources, i.e., a foreign terminator sequence. Any terminator which is functional in the filamentous fungal host cell of choice is likely to be useful in the present invention, but particularly preferred terminators are obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase.

The first control sequence may also be a suitable leader sequence, a nontranslated region of a mRNA which is important for translation by the filamentous fungal host. The leader sequence is operably linked to the 5′ terminus of the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the heme biosynthetic enzyme. The leader sequence may be native to the first nucleic acid sequence or may be obtained from other sources, i.e., a foreign leader sequence. Any leader sequence which is functional in the filamentous fungal host cell of choice is likely to be useful in the present invention, but particularly preferred leaders are obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase and Aspergillus oryzae triose phosphate isomerase.

The first control sequence may also be a polyadenylation sequence, a sequence which is operably linked to the 3′ terminus of the first nucleic acid sequence and which, when transcribed, is recognized by the filamentous fungal host to add polyadenosine residues to transcribed mRNA. The polyadenylation sequence may be native to the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the heme biosynthetic enzyme or may be obtained from other sources, i.e., a foreign polyadenylation sequence. Any polyadenylation sequence which is functional in the fungal host of choice is likely to be useful in the present invention, but particularly preferred polyadenylation sequences are obtained from the genes encoding Aspergillus oryzae TAKA amylase, Aspergillus niger glucoamylase, Aspergillus nidulans anthranilate synthase, and Aspergillus niger alpha-glucosidase.

The first control sequence may also be a signal peptide coding region, which codes for an amino acid sequence linked to the amino terminus of the heme biosynthetic enzyme, permitting the localization of the heme biosynthetic enzyme to a particular cellular compartment. The signal peptide coding region may be native to the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the heme biosynthetic enzyme or may be obtained from foreign sources. The 5′ end of the coding sequence of the first nucleic acid sequence may inherently contain a signal peptide coding region naturally linked in translation reading frame with the segment of the coding region which encodes the localized heme biosynthetic enzyme. Alternatively, the 5′ end of the coding sequence may contain nucleic acids encoding a signal peptide coding region which is foreign to that portion of the coding sequence which encodes the localized heme biosynthetic enzyme. The signal peptide coding region may be obtained from a Neurospora crassa ATPase gene (Viebrock et al., 1982, EMBO Journal 1:565-571) or from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome c peroxidase gene (Kaput et al., 1982, Journal of Biological Chemistry 257:15054-15058). However, any signal peptide coding region capable of permitting localization of the heme biosynthetic enzyme in a filamentous fungal host of choice may be used in the present invention.

The first control sequence may also be a propeptide coding region which codes for an amino acid sequence positioned at the amino terminus of a mature biochemically active polypeptide. The resultant polypeptide is known as a proenzyme or a propolypeptide (or a zymogen in some cases). Proenzymes are generally inactive and can be converted to mature active polypeptides by catalytic or autocatalytic cleavage of the propeptide from the proenzyme. A biochemically active polypeptide is defined herein as a heme biosynthetic enzyme which is produced in active form which performs the biochemical activity of its natural counterpart. The propeptide sequence may be native to the first nucleic acid sequence encoding the heme biosynthetic enzyme or may be obtained from other sources, i.e., a foreign propeptide sequence. The nucleic acid sequence encoding a propeptide may be obtained from the genes encoding Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-factor and Myceliophthora thermophilum laccase.

In another aspect of the present invention, a hemoprotein is produced in higher amounts in a filamentous fungal cell by introducing into the filamentous fungal cell one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme. The second nucleic acid sequence may be any nucleic acid sequence encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme selected from the group consisting of a 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, a porphobilinogen synthase, a porphobilinogen deaminase, an uroporphyrinogen synthase, an uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, a coproporphyrinogen oxidase, a protoporphyrinogen oxidase, and a ferrochelatase, The second nucleic acid sequences may be obtained from any microbial source. The choice of the source of the second nucleic acid sequence will depend on the filamentous fungal host cell, but preferred sources are fungal sources, e.g., yeast and filamentous fungi. Preferred filamentous fungal sources include, but are not limited to, species of Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Humicola, Myceliophthora, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, and Trichoderma. Preferred yeast sources include, but are not limited to, species of Candida, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, and Yarrowia. Furthermore, the second nucleic acid sequences may be native to the filamentous fungal host cell.

The second nucleic sequence may be one or more of the following:

5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase genes:

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Urban-Grimal et al., 1986, European Journal of Biochemistry 156:511-59);

b. Aspergillus nidulans (Bradshaw et al., 1993, Current Genetics 23:501-507);

c. Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Tai et al., 1988, Gene 70:139-152);

d. Rhodobacter capsulatus (Hornberger et al., 1990, Molecular General Genetics 211:371-378); and

e. Escherichia coli (Drolet et al., 1989, Molecular General Genetics 216:347-352).

2. Porphobilinogen synthase genes:

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Myers et al., 1987, Journal of Biological Chemistry 262:16822-16829);

b. Staphylococcus aureus (Kafala and Sasarman, 1994, Canadian Journal of Microbiology 40:651-657);

c. Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Delaunay et al., 1991, Journal of Bacteriology 173:2712-2715);

d. Escherichia coli (Echelard et al., 1988, Molecular General Genetics 214:503-508); and

e. Bacillus subtilis (Hansson et al., 1991, Journal of Bacteriology 173:2590-2599).

3. Porphobilinogen deaminase genes

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Keng et al., 1992, Molecular General Genetics 234:33-433);

b. human (Yoo et al., 1993, Genomics 15:221-29; Raich et al., 1986, Nucleic Acids Research 14:5955-5968);

c. Escherichia coli (Thomas and Jordan, 1986, Nucleic Acids Research 14:6215-6226); and

d. Bacillus subtilis (Petricek et al., 1990, Journal of Bacteriology 172:2250-2258).

4. Uroporphyrinogen III synthase genes:

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Amillet and Labbe-Bois, 1995, Yeast 11:419-424);

b. Bacillus subtilis (Hansson et al., 1991, Journal of Bacteriology 173:2590-2599); and

c. Escherichia coli (Jordan et al., 1987, Nucleic Acids Research. 15:10583).

5. Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase genes:

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Garey et al., 1992, European Journal of Biochemistry 205:1011-1016); and

b. human (Romeo et al., 1986, Journal of Biological Chemistry 261:9825-9831).

6. Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase genes:

a. human (Martasek et al., 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 911:3024-3028);

b. Escherichia coli (Troup et al., 1994, Journal of Bacteriology 176:673-680); and

c. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Zaagorec et al., 1986, Journal of Biological Chemistry 263:9718-9724).

7. Protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase genes:

a. human (Taketani et al., 1995, Genomics 29:698-703);

b. Bacillus subtilis (Dailey et al., 1994, Journal of Biological Chemistry 269:813-815); and

c. Escherichia coli (Sasarman et al., 1993, Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39:155-161).

8. Ferrochelatase genes:

a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Labbe-Bois, 1990, Journal of Biological Chemistry 265:7278-72883);

b. bovine (Shibuya et al., 1995, Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1231:117-120);

c. Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Frustaci and O'Brian, 1993, Applied Environmental Microbiology 59:347-2351);

d. Escherichia coli (Frustaci and O'Brian, 1993, Journal of Bacteriology 175:2154-2156); and

e. Bacillus subtilis (Hansson and Hederstedt, 1992, Journal of Bacteriology 174:8081-88093).

In a more preferred embodiment, the second nucleic acid sequences are obtained from a species of Aspergillus. In an even more preferred embodiment, the second nucleic acid sequences are obtained from Aspergillus ficuum, Aspergillus foetidus, Aspergillus japonicus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, or Aspergillus oryzae. In another more preferred embodiment, the second nucleic acid sequences are obtained from a species of Saccharomyces. In an even more preferred embodiment, the second nucleic acid sequences are obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces diastaticus, Saccharomyces douglasii, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Saccharomyces norbensis, or Saccharomyces oviformis.

In a most preferred embodiment, the second nucleic acid sequence encoding a 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase is obtained from Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 (IFO 4177), e.g., the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. The second nucleic sequence encoding a 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase may also be a nucleic acid sequence coding for the 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, which differs from SEQ ID NO:1 by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code. In another most preferred embodiment, the second nucleic acid sequence encoding a porphobilinogen synthase is obtained from Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 (IFO 4177), e.g., the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. The second nucleic acid encoding a porphobilinogen synthase may further be a nucleic acid sequence coding for the porphobilinogen synthase having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, which differs from SEQ ID NO:3 by virtue of the degeneracy of the genetic code. The second nucleic acid sequences of the present invention further encompass both the genomic sequences depicted in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:3 as well as the corresponding cDNA and RNA sequences. The phrase “nucleic acid sequences” as used herein will be understood to encompass all such variations including synthetic DNA.

In a preferred embodiment, the second nucleic acid sequence is introduced into the filamentous fungal host, operably linked to one or more second control sequences. The second control sequences may be native to the second nucleic acid sequences encoding the heme biosynthetic enzymes or may be partially or wholly obtained from foreign sources. The foreign control sequences may simply replace the natural control sequences in order to obtain enhanced production of the desired heme biosynthetic enzyme relative to the natural control sequence normally associated with the coding sequence. The second control sequences can be any of the control sequences exemplified above in connection with the first control sequences.

In another aspect of the present invention, one or more copies of one or more first control sequences and one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences are introduced into the filamentous fungal cell. Preferably, the second nucleic acid sequences are operably linked to one or more second control sequences.

The first control sequences, the second nucleic acid sequences and/or the second control sequences may be contained in the same nucleic acid construct, or they may be contained in different nucleic acid constructs. Each nucleic acid construct may comprise integrational elements for directing integration by homologous recombination into the genome of the fungal host at a precise location. To increase the likelihood of integration at a precise location, the integrational elements should preferably contain a sufficient number of nucleic acids, such as 100 to 1,500 base pairs, preferably 400 to 1,500 base pairs, and most preferably 800 to 1,500 base pairs, which are highly homologous with the corresponding target sequence to enhance the probability of homologous recombination. The integrational elements may be any sequence that is homologous with the target sequence in the genome of the filamentous fungal host cell. Furthermore, the integrational elements may be non-encoding or encoding nucleic acid sequences. On the other hand, each nucleic acid construct may be integrated into the genome of the filamentous fungal host cell by non-homologous recombination.

The nucleic acid constructs may be inserted into a suitable vector or the second nucleic acid sequences may be inserted directly into a vector which already contains the control sequences using molecular biology techniques known in the art. The vectors may be any vector which can be conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures and can bring about the expression of a nucleic acid sequence of the present invention. The choice of a vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vector with the filamentous fungal cell into which the vector is to be introduced. The vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e., a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g., a plasmid, an extrachromosomal element, a minichromosome, or an artificial chromosome. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into the filamentous fungal cell, is integrated into the genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated. The vector system may be a single vector or plasmid or two or more vectors or plasmids which together contain the total DNA to be introduced into the genome of the filamentous fungal host.

The vectors of the present invention preferably contain one or more selectable markers which permit easy selection of transformed cells. A selectable marker is a gene the product of which provides for biocide or viral resistance, resistance to heavy metals, prototrophy to auxotrophs and the like. The selectable marker may be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, amdS, pyrG, argB, niaD, sC, trpC, bar, and hygB. Preferred for use in an Aspergillus cell are the amdS and pyrG markers of Aspergillus nidulans or Aspergillus oryzae and the bar marker of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Furthermore, selection may be accomplished by co-transformation, e.g., as described in WO 91/17243 where the selectable marker is contained in a separate vector.

The procedures used to ligate the nucleic acid constructs, the promoter, terminator and other elements, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989).

The methods of the present invention may further comprise introducing one or more copies of one or more third nucleic acid sequences encoding the hemoprotein into the filamentous fungal cell. The third nucleic acid sequence encoding the hemoprotein may be introduced prior to or after step a, but before step b. The third nucleic acid sequence may be contained in the same vector as the first control sequences, the second nucleic acid sequences and the second control sequences, or they may be contained in different vectors. Preferably, the third nucleic acid sequences are operably linked to third control sequences. The control sequences exemplified above in connection with the first control sequences are also applicable to the third control sequences.

The methods of the present invention may further comprise introducing a source of heme, analogs thereof or one or more pathway intermediates into the nutrient medium. See Product Brochure of Porphyrin Products Inc. (Logan, Utah) for list of heme analogs and pathway intermediates. For example, when a nucleic acid sequence encoding one of the enzymes in the heme biosynthetic pathway is introduced into a filamentous fungal cell, one or more pathway intermediates in one or more preceding steps may become rate-limiting. In such a case, one can supplement the culture medium with these one or more pathway intermediates. In order for these pathway intermediates to get introduced into the cell, one can use an enzyme which is capable of semi-permeabilizing the cell membrane, e.g., NOVOZYM 234™ (Novo Nordisk A/S).

The methods of the present invention may further comprise introducing a source of iron into the nutrient medium. Alternatively, the methods further comprise introducing any other metal ion that can induce porphyrin synthesis. See, e.g., Mamet et al., 1996, BioMetals, 9:73-77.

The present invention also relates to recombinant filamentous fungal cells comprising one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell and/or one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme. The sequences may be integrated into the genome of the fungal cell or may be contained in a self-replicating extrachromosomal vector.

The filamentous fungal cells of the present invention may further comprise one or more copies of a third nucleic acid sequence encoding a hemoprotein, wherein the third nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to third control sequences capable of directing the expression of the hemoprotein in the filamentous fungal cell, where the third nucleic acid sequence encoding the hemoprotein is integrated into the genome of the fungal cell or is contained in a self-replicating extrachromosomal vector.

The choice of filamentous fungal host cells will to a large extent depend upon the sources of the control sequences, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the heme biosynthetic enzymes, and the hemoprotein. In a preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a cell of a species of, but not limited to, Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Humicola, Myceliophthora, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, and Trichoderma. In a more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Aspergillus cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Acremonium cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Fusarium cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Humicola cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Myceliophthora cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Mucor cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Neurospora cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Penicillium cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Thielavia cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Tolypocladium cell. In another more preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Trichoderma cell. In a most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is an Aspergillus ficuum cell, an Aspergillus foetidus cell, an Aspergillus japonicus cell, an Aspergillus niger cell, an Aspergillus nidulans cell, or an Aspergillus oryzae cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Fusarium oxysporum cell or a Fusarium graminearum cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Humicola insolens cell or a Humicola lanuginosus cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Myceliophthora thermophilum cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Mucor miehei cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Neurospora crassa cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Penicillium purpurogenum cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Thielavia terrestris cell. In another most preferred embodiment, the filamentous fungal host cell is a Trichoderma harzianum cell, a Trichoderma koningii cell, a Trichoderma longibrachiatum cell, a Trichoderma reesei cell, or a Trichoderma viride cell.

The present invention is further described by the following examples which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 genomic DNA extraction

Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 (IFO 4177) was grown in 25 ml of 0.5% yeast extract-2% glucose (YEG) medium for 24 hours at 32° C. and 250 rpm. Mycelia were then collected by filtration through Miracloth (Calbiochem, La Jolla, Calif.) and washed once with 25 ml of 10 mM Tris-1 mM EDTA (TE) buffer. Excess buffer was drained from the mycelia which were subsequently frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen mycelia were ground to a fine powder in an electric coffee grinder, and the powder was added to 20 ml of TE buffer and 5 ml of 20% w/v sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in a disposable plastic centrifuge tube. The mixture was gently inverted several times to insure mixing, and extracted twice with an equal volume of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1 v/v/v). Sodium acetate (3 M solution) was added to a final concentration of 0.3 M followed by addition of 2.5 volumes of ice cold ethanol to precipitate the nucleic acids. The nucleic acids were then pelleted by centrifuging the tube at 15,000×g for 30 minutes. The pellet was allowed to air dry for 30 minutes before resuspension in 0.5 ml of TE buffer. DNase-free ribonuclease A was added to a concentration of 100 μg/ml and the mixture was incubated at 37ûC for 30 minutes. Proteinase K was then added at a concentration of 200 μg/ml and the mixture was incubated an additional hour at 37° C. Finally, the mixture was extracted twice with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1 v/v/v) before precipitating the DNA with sodium acetate and ethanol as described earlier. The DNA pellet was dried under vacuum, resuspended in TE buffer, and stored at 4° C. until further use.

Example 2

Construction of plasmid pSE04

Genomic DNA was obtained from Aspergillus nidulans strain A26 (Fungal Genetics Stock Center, Kansas City, Kans.) using the same procedure described in Example 1. Plasmid pSE04 was constructed by ligation of PCR fragments from an amplification reaction containing Aspergillus nidulans A26 genomic DNA. The amplification reaction contained the following components: 50 ng of Aspergillus nidulans A26 genomic DNA, 100 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.), 50 pmoles of primers ALAS3d 5′-TTTATGATGGAGGCCCTTCTCCAGCAGTCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5) and ALAS4e 5′-CTATGCATTTAAGCAGCAGCCGCGACTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:6), 2 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Branchburg, N.J.), and 1X Taq DNA polymerase buffer (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Branchburg, N.J.). The reaction was incubated in a Perkin-Elmer Thermal Cycler (Perkin-Elmer Corp., Branchburg, N.J.) programmed for 30 cycles each at 95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 90 seconds. The 2 kb PCR product was isolated by excision after electrophoresis using a 1.1% low melting temperature agarose gel (FMC, Rockland, Me.) with 40 mM Tris-acetate-1 mM disodium EDTA (TAE) buffer, and subcloned into the pCRII vector (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions to produce pSE04 (FIG. 1).

Example 3

Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 DNA libraries and identification of ALA synthase (hemA) clones

Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 genomic DNA libraries were constructed using the bacteriophage cloning vector λZipLox (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) according to the manufacturer's instructions using E. coli Y1090ZL cells as a host for plating and purification of recombinant bacteriophage and E. coli DH10Bzip for excision of individual pZL1-hemA clones. Total cellular DNA prepared as described in Example 1 was partially digested with Tsp509I and size-fractionated on a 1% agarose gel with 50 mM Tris-50 mM borate-1 mM disodium EDTA (TBE) buffer. DNA fragments migrating in the size range 4-7 kb were excised and eluted from the gel using Prep-a-Gene reagents (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). The eluted DNA fragments were ligated with EcoRI-cleaved and dephosphorylated λZipLox vector arms, and the ligation mixtures were packaged using commercial packaging extracts (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). The packaged DNA libraries were plated and amplified in E. coli Y1090ZL cells. The unamplified genomic library contained 1×10⁶ pfu/ml.

Bacteriophage DNA from 7×10⁴ plaques was transferred to duplicate circular Nytran Plus membranes (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, N.H.) and probed with a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probe which was prepared by PCR amplification of Aspergillus nidulans hemA genomic DNA from plasmid pSE04 described in Example 2. The amplification reaction contained the following components: 1X DIG probe synthesis mix (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.), 100 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 50 pmoles of primer ALAS3d and primer ALAS4e described in Example 2, 2 units of Taq DNA polymerase, and 1X Taq DNA polymerase buffer. The reaction was incubated in a Perkin-Elmer Thermal Cycler programmed for 30 cycles each at 95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2 minutes. Denatured probe was added to the hybridization buffer at a concentration of 2 ng/ml and incubated overnight with prehybridized membranes. Prehybridization and hybridization was conducted at 42° C. in 5 X SSC, 0.1% sarkosyl, 0.02% SDS, 1% Genius blocking agent (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.), and 30% formamide. Membranes were washed twice in 5 X SSC-0.1% SDS followed by two washes in 2 X SSC-0.1% SDS. Each wash was performed for 15 minutes at room temperature. The washed membrane was exposed to Kodak X-OMAT AR film for approximately 2 hours at room temperature followed by development using a Konica QX-70 automatic film processor according to the manufacturer's instructions. Primary plaques were purified and screened a second time. Five clones were identified and excised into pZL derivatives according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bethesda Research Laboratories, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.). The pZL derivatives were designated E. coli DH5α pSE11, pSE13, pSE15, pSE17, and pSE20. These clones were found to overlap and span a 4.2 kb region for which the restriction map is shown in FIG. 2.

Example 4

Southern hybridization of Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 genomic DNA with a 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (hemA) probe

Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 genomic DNA (10 μg) prepared as described in Example 1 was restriction digested with either BamHI or EcoRI. The fragments were separated by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose-TBE gel. DNA was transferred to a Nytran Plus membrane in 0.4 N NaOH using a TurboBlot apparatus (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, N.H.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The membrane was prehybridized for 2 hours at 42° C. in 5 X SSC, 0.1% sarkosyl, 0.02% SDS, 1% Genius blocking agent (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.), and 50% formamide in a Hybaid oven (Labnet, Woodbridge, N.J.). Hybridization was accomplished with a DIG-labeled hemA probe generated by PCR amplification as described in Example 3, except the hemA clone pSE17 was used as a template with primer hemA5′ 5′-TCATTTAAATGATGGAGTCTCTTCTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7) and primer hemA3′ 5′-TCTTAATTAATCAGCTCACATGCGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:8). DIG-labeled hemA probe (1 ng probe/ml of solution) was added to fresh hybridization buffer and incubated with the membrane overnight at 42° C. Subsequently, the membrane was washed twice for 15 minutes each at room temperature in 5 X SSC-0.1% SDS followed by two washes under the same conditions in 2 X SSC-0.1% SDS. The washed membrane was exposed to Kodak X-OMAT AR film for approximately 2 hours at room temperature followed by development using a Konica QX-70 automatic film processor according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Southern blot hybridization of Aspergillus oryzae genomic DNA with the Aspergillus oryzae hemA probe showed the presence of hybridization signals consistent with a single gene copy number. A 1.7 kb band observed in the BamHI lane was predicted from the restriction map (FIG. 2).

Example 5

Characterization of Aspergillus oryzae A1560 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (hemA) gene

E. coli DH5α pSE17 described in Example 3 was subjected to DNA sequencing according to the following procedure. DNA sequencing was performed with an Applied Biosystems Model 373A Automated DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, Calif.) on both strands using the primer walking technique with dye-terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al., 1992, Journal of Virol. Methods 38:47-60) using the M13 reverse (−48) and M13 forward (−20) primers (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and primers unique to the DNA being sequenced.

The nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene revealed an open reading frame of 1911 nucleotides as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:1). The coding sequence does not contain any introns which was confirmed by cDNA cloning and sequence analysis which is in contrast to the Aspergillus nidulans hemA gene which contains one intron at its 5′ end (Bradshaw et al., 1993, Current Genetics 23:501-507). The 5′ untranslated sequence contains several pyrimidine-rich and AT-rich regions as in other fungal genes (Gurr et al., 1987, In Kinghorn, J. R. (ed.), Gene Structure in Eukaryotic Microbes, pp. 93-139, IRL Press, Oxford), a CCAAT sequence at position −249, and a putative TATA box located at position −35. The CCAAT sequence is a consensus binding site for transcriptional regulators which modulate transcription in response to oxygen, such as the Hap2/3/4 transcriptional regulatory complex in yeast and humans (Olesen and Guarente, 1990, Molecular and Cellular Biology 12:2302-2314). This regulatory complex is also conserved in mammals, and a CCAAT-binding activity has been identified in Aspergillus nidulans (Davis et al., 1993, Genetica 90:133-145). The importance of this sequence in the Aspergillus oryzae hemA gene is not known and, due to limited sequence information, has not been confirmed in the Aspergillus nidulans hemA 5′ region (Bradshaw et al., 1993, supra). Transcriptional regulation of the Aspergillus oryzae hemA gene in response to oxygen is not currently known, but the Aspergillus nidulans hemA gene does not appear to be transcriptionally regulated even under conditions of oxygen limitation (Bradshaw et al., 1993, supra). Interestingly, the yeast HEM1 gene is also constitutively expressed, but its expression is controlled by a balance between positive and negative regulatory sites (Keng and Guarente, 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 84:9113-9117). An (AC)₃₅ repeat motif occurs in the 3′ untranslated region. Similar repeats have also been observed in subtelomeric, intron, and promoter regions of mammalian and yeast genes and have no known function, although they have been implicated in gene amplification events (Passananti et al., 1987, EMBO Journal 6:1697-1703).

The deduced amino acid sequence of the Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 gene product is shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO:2). The nucleotide sequence encodes a predicted protein of 636 amino acids with a molecular weight of 68 kDa. Since this enzyme is located in the mitochondria, the N-terminus is predicted to contain a mitochondrial leader sequence. In fact, the first 35 amino acids are rich in serine, threonine, lysine, and arginine residues consistent with a function as a mitochondrial leader. A potential heme regulatory motif (HRM) occurs in the presumed mitochondrial leader sequences of both the Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus oryzae hemA sequences (FIG. 4). HRMs localized to leader sequences are believed to prevent import of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase proteins into the mitochondria in mouse via direct interactions with heme (Lathrop and Timko, 1993, Science 259:522-525; Zhang and Guarente, 1995, EMBO Journal 14:313-320). A second potential HRM also occurs in the beginning of the putative mature protein sequence. It is probable that the HRMs play a role in the regulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity. Interestingly, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase protein sequence does not contain any putative HRMs and does not appear to be a key regulatory step in yeast heme biosynthesis (Labbe-Bois and Labbe, In Daley, Harry A., ed., Biosynthesis of Heme and Chlorophylls, 1990, McGraw Hill Publishers, New York, pp 235-285).

Overall, the deduced amino acid sequence as shown in FIG. 5 shares 81% identity with the Aspergillus nidulans hemA gene (SEQ ID NO:22), 57% identity with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HEM1 gene (SEQ ID NO:23; Urban-Grimal, 1986, European Journal of Biochemistry 156:511-519), and 51% identity with the human erythroid hem1 (ALAS2) gene (SEQ ID NO:24; Bishop, 1990, Nucleic Acids Research 18:7187-7188) which were determined using the Applied Biosystems GeneAssist program (blosum62.mat matrix). However, the highest degree of conservation occurs in the C-terminal two-thirds of the protein which contains the catalytic domain. Furthermore, the lysine and glycine-loop, important for catalytic activity and pyridoxal phosphate co-factor binding in other 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase enzymes (Ferreira et al., 1995, Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 27:151-159; Ferreira, 1995, Protein Science 4:1001-1006) are also highly conserved.

Example 6

Construction of plasmid pSE31

Plasmid pSE31 was constructed by directional cloning of PCR-amplified Aspergillus oryzae hemA DNA into pBANe6 (FIG. 6). The PCR amplification reaction was performed using DNA from hemA clone E. coli DH5α pSE17 described in Example 3 where the reaction contained the following components: 50 ng of pSE17, 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.), 1X Vent DNA polymerase buffer (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.), 400 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.), and 50 pmoles of primer hemA5′ 5′-TCATTTAAATGATGGAGTCTCTTCTCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:7) and primer hemA3′ 5′-TCTTAATTAATCAGCTCACATGCGGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:8). The reaction was incubated in a Perkin-Elmer Thermal Cycler programmed for 30 cycles each at 95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 90 seconds. Primer hemA5′ contains a SwaI site (underlined) and primer hemA3′ contains a PacI site (underlined) which were used for cloning into pBANe6 digested with SwaI and PacI to produce pSE31 (FIG. 7).

Example 7

Construction of Aspergillus oryzae strain JRoC50.3.18A

Aspergillus oryzae strain JRoC50.3.18A containing plasmid pJR0C50 was constructed as follows. Coprinus cinereus IFO 8371 peroxidase cDNA fragments were prepared by PCR using specific oligonucleotide primers shown below (Saiki et al., 1988, Science 239:487-491) constructed on the basis of the amino acid sequence of the Coprinus macrorhizus peroxidase (Baunsgaard et al., 1993, European Journal of Biochemistry 213:605-611):

1. 5′-GCGCGAATTCGTNGGNATNGGNATNAA(CT)CA(CT)GG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:9)

2. 3′-TACAGNTT(GA)AC(GA)GGNGGCCTAGGCG-5′ (SEQ ID NO:10)

3. 5′-GCGAATTCACNCCNCA(GA)GTNTT(CT)GA(CT)AC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:11)

4. 3′-GGNAA(GA)GGNCCNCT(CT)AA(GA)CCTAGGCG-5′ (SEQ ID NO:12)

5. 5′-GCGCGAATTCTGGCA(GA)TCNAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13)

6. 5′-GCGCGAATTCTGGCA(GA)AGNATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14)

7. 3′-CGNTACCGNTT(CT)TACAGCCTAGG-5′ (SEQ ID NO:15)

PCR was performed using the Gene Amp Kit and apparatus (Perkin Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions with the exception that the reaction was conducted at 28° C. for the first 3 cycles in order to obtain better hybridization to the first strand cDNA (prepared from mRNA obtained from Coprinus cinereus strain IFO 8371) and subsequently at 65° C. for 30 cycles of PCR.

The primers were combined as follows: 1 with 2; 3 with 4; 5 with 7; 6 with 7; 1 with 4; and 3 with 7. The PCR fragments were extended with an EcoRI site at the 5′-end and a BamHI site at the 3′-end. The reactions were analyzed on a 1% agarose-TBE gel where bands of the expected size were found in all the reactions. To verify that the bands corresponded to peroxidase-specific sequences, the gel was subjected to Southern blotting and hybridized to an oligonucleotide probe with the following sequence which is positioned between primers 3 and 4:

5′-GT(CT)TC(GA)AT(GA)TAGAA(CT)TG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:16)

The probe was found to hybridize to bands of approximately 130 bp, 420 bp, 540 bp, and 240 bp, thus confirming that the DNA bands observed corresponded to peroxidase sequences.

DNA from the various PCR reactions was digested with EcoRI and BamHI and cloned into the plasmid pUC19 (New England BioLabs, Beverly, Mass.). Colonies containing the correct PCR fragments were identified by hybridization using the oligonucleotide probe (SEQ ID NO:16) described above. DNA from positive colonies was analyzed by restriction mapping and partial DNA sequence analysis as described by Sanger et al. (1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5463-5467). A 430 bp fragment from one of the clones, obtained by using primers 1 and 4, was used to screen a Coprinus cinereus cDNA library as described below.

Total RNA was extracted from homogenized Coprinus cinereus strain IFO 8371 mycelia, collected at the time of maximum peroxidase activity according to the methods described by Boel et al. (1984, EMBO Journal 3:1097-1102) and Chirgwin et al. (1979, Biochemistry 18:5294-5299). Poly(A)-containing RNA was obtained by two cycles of affinity chromatography on oligo(dT)-cellulose as described by Aviv and Leder (1972, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 69:1408-1412). cDNA was synthesized by means of a cDNA Synthesis Kit (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Approximately 50,000 E. coli recombinants from the Coprinus cinereus cDNA library were transferred to Whatman 540 paper filters. The colonies were lysed and immobilized as described by Gerger et al. (1979, Nucleic Acids Research 7:2115-2135). The filters were hybridized with the ³²P-labelled 430 bp peroxidase-specific probe in 0.2 X SSC-0.1% SDS. Hybridization and washing of the filters was conducted at 65° C. followed by autoradiography for 24 hours with an intensifier screen. After autoradiography, the filters were washed at increasing temperatures followed by autoradiography for 24 hours with an intensifier screen. In this way, more than 50 positive clones were identified. Miniprep plasmid DNA was isolated from hybridizing colonies by standard procedures (Birnboim and Doly, 1979, Nucleic Acids Research 7:1513-1523), and the DNA sequences of the cDNA inserts were determined by the Sanger dideoxy procedure (Sanger et al., 1977, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 74:5463-5467). One of the colonies was selected and the vector was designated pCiP. The peroxidase cDNA fragment was excised from the vector by cleavage with BamHI/XhoI and was purified by agarose gel electrophoresis, electroeluted and made ready for ligation reactions. The cDNA fragment was ligated to BamHI/XhoI digested pHD414 to generate pJVi9 wherein the cDNA was under transcriptional control of the TAKA promoter from Aspergillus oryzae and the AMG™ (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark) terminator from Aspergillus niger as shown in FIG. 8.

The cDNA encoding the Coprinus cinereus peroxidase was excised from plasmid pJVi9 as a BamHI-XhoI fragment and cloned into plasmid pJeRS6 (FIG. 9) to produce plasmid pJRoC50 (FIG. 10) which contains pyrG as a selectable marker, the TAKA promoter, and the amdS terminator.

Transformants of Aspergillus oryzae strain HowB425 were made using 5 μg of purified plasmid pJRoC50 as described below with the following changes. The agar overlay was omitted and the protoplasts were plated directly on Minimal Medium plates. The transformation was conducted with protoplasts at a concentration of 2×10⁷ protoplasts per ml. One hundred μl of protoplasts were placed on ice with 5 μg DNA for 30 minutes. One ml of SPTC (40% PEG 4000, 0.8 M sorbitol, 0.05 M Tris pH 8.0, 0.05 M CaCl₂) was added and the protoplasts were incubated at 34° C. for 20 minutes. The transformation was plated directly onto plates containing Minimal medium. The Minimal medium (pH 6.5) was composed of 6 g of NaNO₃, 0.52 g of KCl, 1.52 g of KH₂PO₄, 1 ml of trace metals, 1 g of glucose, 500 mg of MgSO₄—7H₂O, 342.3 g of sucrose, and 20 g of Noble agar per liter. The trace metals solution (1000X) was composed of 22 g of ZnSO₄—7H₂O, 11 g of H₃BO₃, 5 g of MnCl₂—4H₂O, 5 g of FeSO₄—7H₂O, 1.6 g of CoCl₂—5H₂O, 1.6 g of (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄, and 50 g of Na₄EDTA per liter. Plates were incubated 5-7 days at 34° C. Transformants were transferred to plates of the same medium and incubated 3-5 days at 37° C.

Sixty-six transformants were assayed for peroxidase activity using the following enzyme assay: 180 μl of substrate buffer {20 ml of 0.1 M potassium phosphate-0.01% Tween-80 pH 7.0, 250 μl of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) solution (22 mg/ml), and 2 μl of 30% hydrogen peroxide} were added to 20 μl of culture supernatant which was diluted 1:900, quickly followed by measurement of the absorbance at 405 nm at 25° C. using a Molecular Devices Thermomax Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Measurements were recorded every 10 seconds over a 2 minute period with mixing and V_(max) values were calculated using the SOFTmax program (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.). The peroxidase units (POXU) per ml were estimated using a standard curve constructed with a known amount of Cinereus coprinus peroxidase as a standard. A POXU was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1.0 μmole per minute of 0.88 mM H₂O₂, 1.67 mM ABTS, 0.1 M phosphate pH 7.0 at 30° C. The four transformants expressing the highest levels were spore purified by streaking spores and picking isolated colonies using the same plates under the same conditions described above.

Final evaluations were performed in shake flasks where approximately 5×10⁶ spores of each transformant were inoculated into 25 ml of MY25 medium containing 1% yeast extract, 2.5% maltose, 0.2% urea, and 1X MY salts pH 6.5. 1X MY salts was composed of 2 g of MgSO₄—7H₂O, 2 g of K₂PO₄, 10 g of KH₂PO₄, 2 g of citric acid, 0.5 ml of trace metals solution and 1 ml of 10% CaCl₂—2H₂O per liter. The trace metals solution was composed of 13.9 g of FeSO₄—7H₂O, 8.5 g of MnSO₄—H₂O, 14.28 g of ZnSO₄—7H₂O, 1.63 g of CuSO₄, 0.24 g of NiCl₂—6H₂O, and 3.0 g of citric acid per liter. Hemin was added to a final concentration of 0.01 mg/ml from a fresh 10 mg/ml stock prepared in 50 mM NaOH.

The shake flasks were incubated at 34° C. and 200 rpm for 7 to 8 days. The best peroxidase producer was designated JRoC50.3.18A.

Example 8

Transformation of Aspergillus oryzae JRoC50.3.18A with pSE31

Aspergillus oryzae strain JRoC50.3.18A was transformed with pSE31 in order to determine whether overexpression of the hemA gene increased peroxidase production.

The transformation was conducted with protoplasts at a concentration of 2×10⁷ protoplasts per ml. One hundred μl of protoplasts were incubated at 34° C. with 10 μg DNA and 200 μl of 60% PEG 4000-10 mM HEPES-10 mM CaCl₂ solution for 30 minutes. Three ml of SPTC (40% PEG 4000, 0.8 M sorbitol, 0.05 M Tris pH 8.0, 0.05 M CaCl₂) were added and the protoplasts were plated directly onto COVE transformation plates (per liter: 0.52 g of KCl, 0.52 g of MgSO₄—7H₂O, 1.52 g of KH₂PO₄, 1 ml of trace metals solution as described in Example 7, 342.3 g of sucrose, 25 g of Noble agar, 10 ml of 1 M acetamide, and 10 ml of 3 M CsCl) for amdS transformations. Plates were incubated 5-7 days at 34° C. Transformants were transferred to plates of the same medium and incubated 3-5 days at 34° C. The transformants were then purified by streaking spores and picking isolated colonies using the same plates under the same conditions.

Example 9

Peroxidase production by hemA transformants

The transformants from Example 8 were inoculated into individual wells at approximately 1×10⁵ spores per well of a 24-well microtiter plate containing 1 ml of quarter strength MY25 medium composed of 0.25% yeast extract, 0.63% maltose, and 0.05% urea pH 6.5, and 1X MY salts (see Example 7). The microtiter plates were incubated at 34° C. and 100 rpm in a humidity chamber for 5 days.

Peroxidase production levels were determined using the enzyme assay described in Example 7. The results of the microtiter plate tests demonstrate that the average POXU/ml of hemA transformants was 1.4-fold greater than the average of the vector only transformants, with the best hemA transformant showing a 1.6-fold increase in peroxidase production.

A minority (39%) of the hemA transformants show peroxidase levels similar to the majority of the vector only controls. PCR amplification using 50 ng of genomic DNA isolated as described in Example 1 from each transformant was performed as described in Example 2 except the primers hemA3′ (see Example 4) and primer 5′-TCTCTTCCTTCCTGAATCCTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:17) were used. This analysis showed that the hemA transformants contain the expression cassette.

Eleven of the best hemA transformants obtained above were cultivated in shake flasks to better evaluate the effects on peroxidase production. For shake flask evaluations, approximately 5×10⁶ spores of each transformant were inoculated into 25 ml of MY25 medium containing 1% yeast extract, 2.5% maltose, 0.2% urea, and 1X MY salts pH 6.5 (see Example 7). The shake flasks were incubated at 34° C. and 200 rpm for 7 to 8 days. Peroxidase assays were performed as described above.

The results demonstrated that five transformants, SE01-15, SE01-20, SE01-26, SE01-28 and SE01-32, produced peroxidase levels which were greater than the vector alone control strains, with three transformants expressing peroxidase at a level 1.9-fold greater than the average control peroxidase levels. The remaining six hemA transformants showed peroxidase levels which were comparable to control levels.

Transformant SE01-28 and a control strain SE05-18 (pBANe6 vector alone transformant) were grown in 2 liter fermentations using a standard fed-batch protocol which has high maltose syrup as carbon source. The batch and feed were supplemented with FeCl₃ to approximately 0.4 mM. Positive dissolved oxygen tension was maintained in both cultures with feed added at a rate of approximately 2 grams saccharide per liter per hour from day three to day eight. This level was reached in a step-wise manner over days two and three. Biomass in both cultures were approximately equal for the duration of the fermentation.

A 2-fold increase in peroxidase activity was observed with SE01-28 over the control strain SE05-18. There was also a 2-fold increase in the polypeptide level for SE01-28 relative to the control strain SE05-18.

The overall results demonstrated that overexpression of the hemA gene resulted in a 2-fold increase in peroxidase yield. The data indicated further that hemA may represent a key regulatory point during heme biosynthesis in filamentous fungi which upon genetic manipulation can improve hemoprotein production in the absence of hemin supplementation.

Example 10

Generation of a genomic hemB probe by PCR

Degenerate PCR primers were designed based on the amino acid sequence flanking a 126 bp hemB fragment from Aspergillus oryzae (Jesper Vind, 1994, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark) and the homologous regions of yeast and human hemB clones Myers et al., 1987, Journal of Biological Chemistry 262:16822-16829; Wetmur et al., 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 83:7703-7707). The oligonucleotide primers were synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Model 394 DNA/RNA Synthesizer. Sense, 5′-GT(AGCT)GC(AGCT)CC(AGCT)(AT)(CG)(AGCT)GA(CT)ATGATGGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:18) and antisense 5′-GC(AG)TC(AGCT)CG/T(AG)AA(AGCT)CC(AG)TA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:19) primers were used to PCR amplify the hemB fragment using pJVi 60 (Vind, 1994, supra) as a template. The PCR reaction (50 μl) was composed of 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% w/v gelatin, 200 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 500 ng of pJVi 60, and 50 pmol of each PCR primer described above. The reaction was incubated at 95° C. for 3 minutes and cooled to 80° C. Then 5 units of Taq polymerase were added. The reaction was incubated in a Perkin-Elmer 9600 Thermal Cycler programmed for 35 cycles each at 95° C. for 30 seconds, 45° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute. Following the last cycle the reaction was incubated at 72° C. for 5 minutes. A predicted 126 bp hemB PCR product was cloned into a pCRII vector to produce plasmid pAJ005-1 (FIG. 11).

Example 11

Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 DNA libraries and identification of porphobilinogen synthase (hemB) clones

Aspergillus oryzae strain A1560 genomic DNA libraries were constructed as described in Example 3.

Bacteriophage DNA from approximately 8×10⁴ plaques was transferred to duplicate circular Nytran Plus membranes (Schleicher & Schuell, Keene, N.H.) and probed with a ³²P-labeled PCR product derived by amplifying the hemB fragment of pAJ005-1 (see Example 10) according to Mertz and Rashtchian (1994, Analytical Biochemistry 221:160-165). The amplification reaction (50 μl) contained the following components: 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin, 0.04 mM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 5 μl of ³²P-dCTP (3000 Ci/mmole, 3.3 μM; Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.), and 50 pmole each of sense primer 5′-GTGGCTCCGAGTGATAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:20) and antisense primer 5′-GCATCGCGAAAAGGACCG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:21). The reaction was heated to 95° C. for 3 minutes followed by the addition of 5 units of Taq polymerase. The reaction was then incubated in a Perkin-Elmer Thermal Cycler programmed for 30 cycles, each cycle at 95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute. The reaction solution was passed through a Sephadex G50 column (Pharmacia, Alameda, Calif.) to remove unincorporated nucleotides and then denatured and added to the hybridization buffer. Denatured probe (10⁶ cpm/ml) was added to hybridization buffer and incubated overnight with prehybridized membranes. Prehybridization and hybridization was conducted at 42° C. in 5 X SSC, 50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7, 5 X Denhardt's solution, 0.1% (w/v) SDS, 5 mM EDTA pH 8, 10 μg/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 50% formamide. Membranes were washed four times in 0.1 X SSC, 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes at 42° C. Primary plaques that gave a positive signal were screened a second time and purified according to the manufacturer's instructions. Ten genomic clones that produced a positive signal were excised from the λZipLox vector as pZL derivatives according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bethesda Research Laboratories, Inc., Bethesda, Md.) and sequenced according to the method of Hattori and Sakaki (1986, Analytical Biochemistry 152:232-237). The pZL derivatives were designated pAJ007-1 through pAJ007-10. Clone E. coli DH5α pAJ007-6 contained a 3.7 kb genomic fragment based on restriction mapping and was further analyzed.

Example 12

Characterization of the porphobilinogen synthase (hemB) gene

E. coli DH5α pAJ007-6 described in Example 11 was subjected to DNA sequencing according to the procedure described in Example 11.

The nucleotide sequence of the cloned Aspergillus oryzae A1560 hemB gene revealed an open reading frame of 1308 nucleotides as shown in FIG. 12 (SEQ ID NO:3) encoding a 374 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 40 kDa as shown in FIG. 12 (SEQ ID NO:4). The nucleotide sequence contains one 48 bp putative intron which is flanked by splice site consensus sequences and contains an internal consensus sequence as predicted by (Unkles, 1992, in Applied Molecular Genetics of Filamentous Fungi, Chapter 2, J. R. Kinghorn and G. Turner, editors, Blackie Academic and Professional Publications). The 3′ splice site (TAG) is located 254 bp downstream of the Met, a 5′ splice site (GTCCGC) is located 46 bp upstream of the 3′ splice site, and the internal consensus sequence (TCTAAC) is located 30 bp downstream of the 5′ splice site. The 5′ untranslated region contains two CAAT motifs at positions −377 and −233 and may play an important role in transcriptional regulation (Gurr et al., 1987, supra). In addition, several putative TATA like boxes are found in the 3′ untranslated region (−117, −208, −650). As expected, hemB does not appear to contain a leader sequence at the N-terminus since it is cytoplasmic in other organisms except plants (Bottemley and Muller-Eberhard, 1988, Seminars in Hematology 25:282-302).

Amino acid alignment of the Aspergillus oryzae hemB gene (SEQ ID NO:4) to other hemB genes is shown in FIG. 13. The deduced hemB amino acid sequences from yeast (SEQ ID NO:31; Myers et al., 1987, supra), human (SEQ ID NO:27; Wetmur et al., 1986, supra), rat (SEQ ID NO:29; Bishop et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Research 14:10115) and E. coli (SEQ ID NO:26; Li et al., 2989, Gene 75:177-184) have 63%, 55%, 55% and 40% identity, respectively to the Aspergillus oryzae hemB amino acid sequence. The deduced hemB amino acid sequences from pea (SEQ ID NO:28; Bsese et al., 1991, Journal of Biological Chemistry 266:17060-17066), Bacillus subtilis (SEQ ID NO:25; Hansson et al., 1991, Journal of Bacteriology 173:2590-2599) and spinach (SEQ ID NO:30; Scharmburg and Schneider-Poetsch, 1991, EMBL Data Library) are less similar (40%, 39% and 33% identity, respectively). However, since both the pea and spinach hemB amino acid sequences contain an N-terminal chloroplast signal sequence, their similarity to the Aspergillus oryzae hemB would significantly increase if they are aligned as mature polypeptides. Based on these alignments, the active lysine site of the Aspergillus oryzae hemB is located at amino acid 299 (Jaffe, 1995, Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 27:169-179) and a conserved zinc-finger like domain as predicted by Berg (1986, Nature 319:264-265) is located at amino acids 166-180. The zinc-finger has been suggested to prevent oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups at the active site by binding Zn²⁺ (Jaffe, 1995, supra). The corresponding domain in plant hemB's is proposed to bind Mg²⁺ rather than Zn²⁺ (Bsese et al., 1991, supra). Interestingly, the first residue of the hemB finger domain is a Thr (at position 166) which is conserved for this position in the plant metal-binding domain. However, the remaining positions in the hemB zinc finger domain are conserved.

Example 13

Construction of pAJ023

Plasmid pAJ023 (FIG. 14) was constructed by PCR amplifying the Aspergillus oryzae hemB coding region and subcloning it into the Aspergillus oryzae expression vector pBANE6. The amplification product was designed to contain 5′ SwaI and 3′ PacI restriction sites to facilitate cloning into pBANe6. The amplification reaction (50 μl) contained the following components: 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin, 200 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 200 ng of pAJ007-6 DNA, and 50 pmol of each PCR primer shown below:

PBG10 (Sense): 5′-GCATATTTAAATGATGTCCTTTTCTAATCTCGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:38)

PBG11A (Antisense): 5′-ATATTAATTAATCCATCTAGCTAAATCATT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:39)

The underlined regions of PBG10 and PBG11A contained the cloning restriction sequences SwaI and PacI, respectively. The reaction was incubated at 95° C. for 3 minutes and cooled to 80° C. Five units of PWO (BM) polymerase were added. The reaction was incubated in a Perkin-Elmer 9600 Thermo-Cycler programmed for 30 cycles each at 95° C. for 30 seconds, 57° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 1 minute. Following the last cycle, the reaction was incubated at 72° C. for 5 minutes. The final PCR product was gel purified, digested with SwaI and PacI, and ligated into the vector pBANe6 which was digested with SwaI and PacI to create pAJ023.

Example 14

Transformation of Aspergillus oryzae JRoC50.3.18A with pAJ023

Aspergillus oryzae strain JRoC50.3.18A was transformed with pAJ023 in order to determine whether overexpression of the Aspergillus oryzae hemB gene increased peroxidase production. As a control, pBANe6 was also used to transform Aspergillus oryzae JRoc 50.3.18A. The transformation was conducted with protoplasts at a concentration of 2×10⁷ protoplasts per ml. One hundred μl of protoplasts were placed on ice with 10 μg DNA for 30 minutes. One ml of SPTC was added and the protoplasts were incubated at 34° C. for 20 minutes. Aliquots of 0.25 ml of the transformation were added to 15 ml of COVE agar overlay (see Example 8) prior to plating onto COVE transformation plates. Plates were incubated 5-7 days at room temperature. Transformants were transferred to plates of the same medium and incubated 3-5 days at 37° C.

Example 15

Peroxidase production by hemB primary transformants

A total of 20 Aspergillus oryzae hemB transformants and 42 control transformants (transformants of JRoC 50.3.18A with the Aspergillus oryzae expression vector without Aspergillus oryzae hemB) were grown in 24 well plates and assayed for peroxidase production as described in Example 7.

The results of the peroxidase assays showed no increase in the number of transformants producing higher levels of peroxidase activity relative to the control transformants.

Example 16

Construction of pSE37 and pSE38

pSE7t1 (FIG. 15) was constructed by ligation of a PCR amplified region of the Aspergillus oryzae A1560 hemA open reading frame into pCRII (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The hemA open reading frame was PCR amplified using primers hemA5′ (SEQ ID NO:7) and hemA3′ (SEQ ID NO:8) described in Example 4 from pSE17 (Example 3) according the same PCR conditions described in Example 6 except the concentration of each dNTP was 50 μM. Plasmid pSE37 (FIG. 16) was constructed by ligating the 1940 bp SwaI-PacI fragment containing the hemA coding region from pSE7t1 into SwaI-PacI cut pSE39 (FIG. 17).

pSE39 was constructed by ligation of a blunted 2033 bp HindIII-EcoRI fragment from pMT1612 (FIG. 18) to blunted NsiI fragment of pBANe13 (FIG. 19) which replaced the pyrG selectable marker with the bar selectable marker conferring resistance to Basta. Plasmid pSE38 (FIG. 20) was constructed by ligating a 1137 bp SwaI-PacI fragment containing the hemB open reading frame from pAJ23 (FIG. 14) into SwaI-PacI cut pSE39 (FIG. 17).

Example 17

Effect of hemA and hemB co-overexpression on Coprinus cinereus peroxidase production.

Aspergillus oryzae strain SE01-28 described in Example 9 was transformed with pSE38 to create new transformants designated Aspergillus oryzae SE27 according to the method described in Example 8 with the exceptions that Basta resistance was used for selection and 2-8 μg of NdeI digested pSE38 was added per transformation directly from the reaction so that ˜5 U of enzyme was included in the transformation mixture. Media for Basta selection contained 20 ml of COVE salts, 1 M sucrose, 25 g/L Noble agar, 10 mM Urea, and either 5 mg/ml Basta (Hoechst Schering, Rodovre, Denmark) for transformation or 10 mg/ml Basta for maintaining transformants. The COVE salts were composed of 26 g of KCl, 26 g of MgSO₄—7H₂O, 76 g of KH₂PO₄, and 50 ml of COVE trace elements per liter of deionized water. The COVE trace elements were composed of 0.04 g of Na₂B₄O₇—10H₂O, 0.4 g of CuSO₄—5H₂O, 1.2 g of FeSO₄—7H₂O, 0.7 g of MnSO₄—H₂O, 0.8 g of Na₂MoO₂—H₂O, 10 g of ZnSO₄—7H₂O per liter of deionized water. Maltose was added to a final concentration of 2.5%, when indicated. Basta selection overlay medium was the same as above except that Basta was added prior to use.

Two control populations, a hemA overexpression population (Aspergillus oryzae SE01-28 transformed with pSE39=Aspergillus oryzae SE28 strains) and a vector transformed population (Aspergillus oryzae JRoC50.3.18A transformed with pSE39=Aspergillus oryzae SE22 strains) were also constructed using the same procedure described above.

The transformants were then inoculated into individual wells at approximately 1×10⁵ spores per well of 24-well microtiter plates containing 1 ml of quarter strength MY25 medium. The microtiter plates were incubated at 34° C. and 100 rpm in a humidity chamber for 5 days. Peroxidase production levels were determined using the enzyme assay described in Example 7.

The results demonstrated a dramatic shift in the distribution of peroxidase activities toward higher levels with the population of Aspergillus oryzae SE27 strains when compared to the two control populations, the Aspergillus oryzae SE28 strains (hemA overexpression population) and the Aspergilius oryzae SE22 strains (a vector transformed population). The hemA/hemB co-overexpression strains showed approximately a 4-fold average increase over non-engineered strains (SE22) and a 1.8-fold average increase over hemA overexpression strains (SE28).

Several of the highest peroxidase producing transformants—Aspergillus oryzae transformants SE27-3, SE27-8, SE27-12 and SE27-13—were then cultured in shake flasks. Approximately 5×10⁶ spores were inoculated into 25 ml of MY25 medium and incubated at 34° C., 200 rpm for 5 days. Alternatively, a mycelial plug was inoculated into a flask containing 25 ml of MY25 medium and 0.002% Novozyme 234 and incubated for 2 days at 34° C., 200 rpm. Four mls of this culture were used to inoculate triplicate shake flasks containing 25 ml of MY25 medium for incubation at 34° C., 200 rpm for 5 days. Samples were then removed and filtered through Miracloth to remove mycelial fragments before enzyme assay for peroxidase activity.

Peroxidase assays of the shake flask cultures of Aspergillus oryzae transformants SE27-3, SE27-8, SE27-12 and SE27-13 showed that all produced higher peroxidase activity when compared to control strains Aspergillus oryzae SE22 and SE28. Strains SE27-12 and SE27-8 showed a 4-fold increase over the SE22 control strains and a 2-fold increase over the SE28 control strains.

Aspergillus oryzae SE27-12 and Aspergillus oryzae SE22 as a control were grown in 2 liter fermentations with and without the addition of hemoglobin using a standard fed-batch protocol which had high maltose syrup as carbon source. The batch and feed were supplemented with FeCl₃ to approximately 0.4 mM. Positive dissolved oxygen tension was maintained in both cultures with feed added at a rate of approximately 2 grams saccharide per liter per hour from day three to day eight. This level was reached in a step-wise manner over days two and three. Biomass in both cultures were approximately equal for the duration of the fermentation. Fermentations were also run in the presence of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin was added to a final concentration of 30 mg/ml of batch medium.

The results showed that there was a 6-fold increase in peroxidase production over SE22 after 192 hours of a fermentation. An additional 3-fold increase in peroxidase production from SE27-12 compared to SE22 was observed when hemoglobin was added to the fermentation medium. The total increase in peroxidase yield using a hemA/hemB engineered strain grown in the presence of hemoglobin compared to a non-engineered strain with no added hemoglobin was 10-fold.

These results indicated that overexpression of hemA and hemB synergistically improved peroxidase production.

Example 18

Effect of hemA/hemB co-overexpression on Scytalidium thermophilum catalase production

Aspergillus oryzae strain HowB411 containing a Scytalidium thermophilum catalase gene (WO 96/34962) and designated DLM 14.24 was engineered to co-overexpress hemA and hemB in order to determine whether co-overexpression would increase catalase production. Aspergillus oryzae strain DLM14.24 was co-transformed under the same conditions described in Example 17 with 10 μg each of pSE37 and pSE38 to create transformants designated Aspergillus oryzae SE32. Control strains, designated Aspergillus oryzae SE24, were generated by transformation of Aspergillus oryzae DLM14.24 with pSE39 under the same conditions described in Example 17.

The SE32 transformants and control strains were inoculated into individual wells at approximately 1×10⁵ spores per well of a 24-well microtiter plate containing 1 ml of M400Da pH 6.0 medium composed of 50 g of maltodextrin, 2 g of MgSO₄—7H₂O, 2 g of KH₂PO₄, 4 g of citric acid, 8 g of yeast extract, 2 g of urea, 0.5 g of CaCl₂—2H₂O, and 1 ml of trace elements per liter. The trace metals solution was composed of 13.9 g of FeSO₄—7H₂O, 8.5 g of MnSO₄—H₂O, 14.28 g of ZnSO₄—7H₂O, 1.63 g of CuSO₄, 0.24 g of NiCl₂—6H₂O, and 3.0 g of citric acid per liter. The microtiter plates were incubated at 34° C. and 100 rpm in a humidity chamber for 5 days. Catalase production levels were determined using the enzyme assay described in WO 96/34962. A CIU is defined as the amount of catalase which decomposes one micromole of hydrogen peroxide per minute in 12 mM hydrogen peroxide-50 mM potassium phosphate pH 7.0 buffer at 25° C.

The population of Aspergillus oryzae SE32 hemA/hemB co-transformants initially analyzed showed a catalase distribution which was slightly shifted toward higher catalase production. The average CIU/ml of the co-transformant population was 1.3-fold higher than the average CIU/ml of the control population.

The best Aspergillus oryzae co-transformants SE32-3a, SE32-4a, SE32-6b, and SE32-32a were then grown in shake flasks containing 25 ml of M400Da medium at 34° C. and 200 rpm for 6 days and assayed for catalase activity as described earlier.

The best strain, Aspergillus oryzae SE32-32a, showed a 1.8-fold increase in catalase production compared to the control strains.

Example 19

Construction of Aspergillus oryzae HowB430

pBANe8 was constructed to contain the TAKA/Na2-tpi leader hybrid promoter, the Lipolase™ gene, the AMG terminator, and a full-length Aspergillus nidulans amdS gene as a selectable marker. Lipolase™ (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark) is a lipase from Humicola lanuginosus.

PCR was used to insert desired restriction sites using primers 1-4 described below synthesized with an Applied Biosystems Model 394 DNA/RNA Synthesizer, according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Primer 1: 5′-ATGCATCTGGAAACGCAACCCTGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO:32)

Primer 2: 5′-ATGCATTCTACGCCAGGACCGAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:33)

Primer 3: 5′-TGGTGTACAGGGGCATAAAAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:34)

Primer 4: 5′-ATTTAAATCCAGTTGTGTATATAGAGGATTGTGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:35)

Amplification reactions (100 μl) were prepared using approximately 0.2 μg of one of the following plasmids as a template: pToC90 plasmid DNA (Christensen et al., 1988, Biotechnology 6:1419-1422) was used as template with primers 1 and 2 to insert NsiI flanking sites on the full-length amdS gene. pJaL292 plasmid DNA (FIG. 21) was used as template with primers 3 and 4 to insert an EcoRI site at the 5′ end and a SwaI site at the 3′ end of the NA2-tpi leader hybrid promoter. Each reaction contained the following components: 0.2 μg of plasmid DNA, 48.4 pmol of the forward primer, 48.4 pmol of the reverse primer, 1 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 1 x Taq polymerase buffer, and 2.5 U of Taq polymerase. The reactions were incubated in an Ericomp Thermal Cycler programmed for one cycle at 95° C. for 5 minutes followed by 30 cycles at 95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2 minutes.

The PCR products were subsequently subcloned into pCRII using the TA Cloning Kit (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The transformants were then screened by extracting plasmid DNA from the transformants using a QIAwell-8 Plasmid Kit (Qiagen, Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions, restriction digesting the plasmid DNA to confirm the presence of the correct size fragment, and sequencing the DNA according to the following method to confirm the PCR product. DNA sequencing was performed with an Applied Biosystems Model 373A Automated DNA Sequencer on both strands using the primer walking technique with dye-terminator chemistry (Giesecke et al., 1992, supra) using the M13 reverse (−48) and M13 forward (−20) primers (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and primers unique to the DNA being sequenced. The plasmids from the correct transformants were then digested with the restriction enzymes for which they were designed, separated on a 1% agarose gel, and purified using a FMC SpinBind Kit (FMC, Rockland, Me.) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The NA2-tpi leader was PCR amplified from pJaL292 (FIG. 21) with EcoRI and SwaI restriction sites placed on the ends. pKS6 (FIG. 22), which contains the TAKA promoter, a polylinker, AMG terminator and the Aspergillus nidulans pyrG gene, was digested with EcoRI and SwaI to remove a portion of the TAKA promoter. This region was replaced with the NA2-tpi PCR product to produce pBANe13 (FIG. 19).

The full length amdS gene was PCR amplified with NsiI sites at both ends. pBANe13 was digested with NsiI to remove the Aspergillus nidulans pyrG gene. This region was replaced with the full length amdS gene to produce pBANe6 (FIG. 6).

The oligonucleotide primers 5 and 6 shown below were synthesized using an Applied Biosystems Model 394 DNA/RNA Synthesizer, according to the manufacturer's instructions, for inserting restriction sites flanking the lipase gene by PCR amplification:

Primer 5: 5′-ATTTAAATGATGAGGAGCTCCCTTGTGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:36)

Primer 6: 5′-TTAATTAACTAGAGTCGACCCAGCCGCGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:37)

The amplification reaction (100 μl) was prepared using approximately 0.2 mg of pMHan37 (FIG. 23) as a template with primers 5 and 6. The reaction contained the following components: 0.2 μg of pMHan37, 48.4 pmol of primer 5, 48.4 pmol of primer 6, 1 μM each of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP, 1 x Taq polymerase buffer, and 2.5 U of Taq polymerase. The reaction was incubated in an Ericomp Thermal Cycler programmed for one cycle at 95° C. for 5 minutes followed by 30 cycles at 95° C. for 1 minute, 55° C. for 1 minute, and 72° C. for 2 minutes. Two ml of the reaction was electrophoresed on an agarose gel to confirm the amplification of the lipase product of approximately 900 bp.

The PCR amplified lipase gene was subcloned into pCRII using the TA Cloning Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. The transformants were then screened by extracting plasmid DNA from the transformants using a QIAwell-8 Plasmid Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions, restriction digesting the plasmid DNA, and sequencing the DNA according to the method above to confirm the PCR product.

The lipase gene was excised from pCRII by digesting with SwaI and PacI and was subsequently subcloned into pBANe6 to obtain pBANe8 (FIG. 24). Transformants were screened by extracting plasmid DNA from the transformants using a QIAwell-8 Plasmid Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions, restriction digesting the plasmid DNA, and sequencing the DNA according to the method described above to confirm the product.

Aspergillus oryzae HowB430 was generated by transformation of Aspergillus oryzae HowB425 with a linear fragment containing the NA2-tpi promoter/Lipolase™ gene/AMG terminator designated pBANe8. pBANe8 was digested with PmeI and the linear expression cassette was isolated by preparative agarose electrophoresis using 40 mM Tris-acetate-1 mM disodium EDTA (TAE) buffer.

Transformation of Aspergillus oryzae HowB425 for amdS was conducted with protoplasts at a concentration of 2×10⁷ protoplasts per ml. Ten μg of DNA were added to 100 μl of protoplasts. A volume of 250 μl of PEG (60% PEG 4000-10 mM CaCl₂-10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0) was then added and the mixture was placed at 37° C. for 30 minutes. Three ml of STC medium was added and the mixture was plated on COVE plates supplemented with 10 mM uridine selecting for amdS. The plates were incubated 7-10 days at 34° C. Transformants were transferred to plates of the same medium and incubated 3-5 days at 37° C. The transformants were purified by streaking spores and picking isolated colonies using the same plates of the same medium without sucrose under the same conditions.

Example 20

Specificity of hemA/hemB co-overexpression on hemoprotein production

Since heme is involved in providing energy for cell growth and metabolism, it was important to show that increased hemoprotein production was due to increased availability of heme for association with apo-enzyme, not simple increased apo-protein production due to enhanced cell metabolism and growth. An indirect method for testing this hypothesis was to co-overexpress hemA and hemB in a strain producing a heterologous enzyme that was not a hemoprotein, i.e., a lipase. If enhanced energy availability were the cause of increased hemoprotein production, then a similar result should be observed on lipase expression. Conversely, if increased hemoprotein production is specifically due to the increased availability of heme for mature enzyme assembly, then little effect on lipase expression should be observed.

Aspergillus oryzae strain HowB430 described in Example 19 was co-transformed with pSE37 and pSE38 as described in Example 18 to generate a non-hemoprotein hemA/hemB co-overexpression strain, Aspergillus oryzae strain SE33. Again, control transformants, designated SE34, were generated by transformation of the same strain with pSE39.

The transformants were inoculated into individual wells at approximately 1×10⁵ spores per well of a 24-well microtiter plate containing 1 ml of quarter strength MY25 medium. The microtiter plates were incubated at 34° C. and 100 rpm in a humidity chamber for 4 days. Lipase production levels were determined according to the following method relative to a Lipolase™ standard (Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark). The assay substrate was prepared by diluting 1:50 stock substrate (21 μl of p-nitrophenylbutyrate/ml DMSO) into MC buffer (4 mM CaCl₂-100mM MOPS pH 7.5) immediately before use. The Lipolase™ standard was prepared to contain 40 LU/ml in MC buffer plus 0.02% alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) detergent, was stored at 4° C. and then diluted 1/20 in MC buffer just before use. Broth samples were diluted in MC buffer containing 0.02% AOS detergent and 20 μl aliquots were dispensed to wells in 96-well plates followed by 200 ml of diluted substrate. Using a plate reader, the absorbance at 405 nm was recorded as the difference of two readings taken at approximately 1 minute intervals. Lipase units/ml (LU/ml) were calculated relative to the Lipolase™ standard.

The results of the lipase assays showed that the hemA/hemB co-transformants as a population produced 1.25-fold more lipase compared to the control transformant population. The slight, but significant, difference of the lipolase hemA/hemB co-overexpression population versus the control population may be due to a small effect of increased heme availability on cell growth and metabolism.

Example 21

Effect of hemA/hemB co-overexpression on accumulation of heme pathway intermediates.

Both the mycelia and culture broths of the majority of the Aspergillus oryzae SE27 strains grown in 24-well plates described in Example 17 appeared pink or red in color. Filtration of an Aspergillus oryzae SE27 strain culture broth using a Centricon 10 column (Amicon, Beverly, Mass.) showed that the red color was in the filtrate suggesting that the color was due to a small molecule. The filtrate was observed to absorb light at a wavelength of 405 nm which is consistent with porphyrins.

In order to confirm that the red color in the Aspergillus oryzae SE27 culture broths was due to the presence of one or more porphyrins involved in heme biosynthesis, culture broths were analyzed by HPLC according to the method described by C. A. Burtis and E. R. Ashwood (editors) In the Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 1994, Chapter 38. HPLC analysis demonstrated that the culture broth contained elevated levels of compounds with the same retention time as uroporphyrin (uro), hepta-, hexa-, and penta-carboxylated porphyrins and coproporphyrin (copro). Broths from control strains Aspergillus oryzae SE36 (Aspergillus oryzae transformed with pSE39) showed little accumulation of these intermediates. The ratio of uroporphyrin compounds to coproporphyrin was at least 3:1 in all hemA/hemB co-overexpression strains.

Each of the hemA/hemB co-overexpression strains also showed high levels of fluorescence characteristic of porphyrin compounds while the control strain showed no fluorescence. Fluorescence microscopy of mycelia (excitation at 420-450, barrier filter at 520) from strain SE27-3 showed distinct patches and granules of fluorescence which were not present in control strains SE28-1 or 22-1. These results suggested that hemA/hemB co-overexpression strains produced large amounts of uroporphyrin.

The accumulation of these intermediates may result from uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase (Uro D) becoming a rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of heme.

Example 22

Southern analysis of Aspergillus oryzae strains SE27 and SE32

Southern analysis of Aspergillus oryzae strains SE27 and SE32 was performed to determine whether production of the red color by hemoprotein producing strains required multiple copies of both hemA and hemB expression cassettes.

Total cellular DNA for each strain prepared as described in Example 1 was analyzed by Southern hybridization (Maniatis et al., 1982, Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Approximately 10 μg of each DNA sample were digested with PstI or PvuI and fractionated by size on a 1% agarose gel. The gel was photographed under short wavelength UV light and soaked for 30 minutes in 0.25 N HCl followed by 30 minutes in 0.4 N NaOH. DNA in the gel was transferred onto a Hybond N hybridization membrane (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.) by capillary blotting in 0.4 N NaOH using a Turbo blot apparatus (Schleicher & Schleicher, Keene, N.H.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The membrane was UV crosslinked and was prehybridized as described in Example 4 except a 5% Vistra Liquid blocking agent (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.) was used in place of the Genius blocking agent. A fluorescent-labelled probe was prepared by random-priming the DNA fragment described in Example 3 using a Vistra Kit (Amersham, Arlington Heights, Ill.). The hybridization and wash steps were performed as described in Example 4. The signal of the fluorescent probe was amplified using the Vistra Kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fluorecence was detected by scanning on a Storm Imaging System (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.).

Southern blot analysis of Aspergillus oryzae strains SE27 and SE32 showed that multiple copies of both expression plasmids, pSE37 and pSE38, were present and that production of the red color required the presence of both expression cassettes.

DEPOSIT OF MICROORGANISMS

The following strains have been deposited according to the Budapest Treaty in the Agricultural Research Service Patent Culture Collection (NRRL), Northern Regional Research Laboratory, 1815 University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604, USA.

Strain Accession Number Deposit Date E. coli DH5α (pSE17) NNRL B-21563 April 22, 1996 E. coli DH5α (pAJ007-6) NRRL B-21564 April 22, 1996

The strains have been deposited under conditions that assure that access to the culture will be available during the pendency of this patent application to one determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. §1.14 and 35 U.S.C. §122. The deposits represent a substantially pure culture of each deposited strain. The deposits are available as required by foreign patent laws in countries wherein counterparts of the subject application, or its progeny are filed. However, it should be understood that the availability of a deposit does not constitute a license to practice the subject invention in derogation of patent rights granted by governmental action.

The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Various references are cited herein, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

39 4157 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 1 ACCATTGACT CTCAAGCTAT GGATCGTGCT CACCGTCTCG GCCAGACAAG ACAGGTCACG 60 GTGTATCGCC TGATTACTCG CGGCACCATT GAGGAGCGTA TTCGCAAGCG AGCTTTGCAG 120 AAGGAGGAAG TGCAGCGTGT CGTCATCTCA GGTGGCGCAG CTGGTGGGGT TGACTTCAAT 180 ACTCGCAACC GCGAGAGCCG AACCAAGGAC ATCGCCATGT GGCTGGCAGA TGATGAACAG 240 GCGGAGCTTA TTGAGCAAAA GGAGAAGGAA GCGCTGGACC GAGGCGAAGT GTTTGGCGCT 300 AGTAAAGGCG GGAAGAAGGC TGCTCAGAAG AGAAAGAGAG ATATCACGCT GGATGATATG 360 TATCATGAAG GTATGTGAAT CTGATCAAAG CTCTTCGTTC CGGGGAGGCT TCTGGAAATA 420 GTACTAACCG CGTCAATCTA TAGGCGAAGG GAACTTTGAC GATGCCAGTG CAAAGCCATC 480 AGGAGCGGCC ACTCCTGTGT CGACTGCAGA GAATTTAGGC ACCCCATCCT CCACGCCAGT 540 TCCTAAACGA GGACGTGGAA GGGGGACAGG AAAGGGCACG TCTAAAAGAG CCAAAACTAC 600 CAAGGAGAGA TTACGTCTCA TTGATGGCGA CGGAGGCTTA GGGCCTAGTT GATTTAATCG 660 ATCTGTGCCT CAATAATGGA CACGGCTGGT TATGGTCATG GCGTTCAGAG ATTGCATTTC 720 TTTCCCACCC TTTATCTTTC TTTCTTTCCT CTTAAACCCC TCTTTTTTGT TTTTCTTTTT 780 ATCGGACTTT ACTTGTGGGC AGCTTACGTT CTGCCTTGTA TTAACAGCAT ATATTCCTGA 840 TTCCTGATGT ACGAAGCGAT TTAAGAGTCA TTGAAGACGA AGGATGAAAC CCGTGGTAAT 900 CAGCCGATAA TGGCAAAGAG AAGGAGAAGA AAAAAATCAA GTGCGAGTTT TGAAATTGAT 960 GGCAAGATAG ACATTGTATC CTGTACCTGT TCTTGGGCTG TGACGGGGGG GGTGAAATTG 1020 ACGGTCATCA CCCGGCTATT ATTACTATTG TTGTACTGTA CATCCGGATC CTGCTGGTCT 1080 GTATCTAGTT AGGGCAATAT TCCCCGTCGC CAGGCCTCTT GGGTTATGAA TGATTTCATA 1140 GGTGAAGTTT CGTATCCGTA CGCACCGAGA GATTTCTTAG TATTACTTGT ATTATGAAAA 1200 TGCACTTGCC GAGTTAAGTC CGCCGGCCAA TCACGGCGGA GGATATGGTA AGCCGAAAAG 1260 TCTCGCCGAA GTCCCCGACT TACTCTTACT GGAAGTGGCT TAGTGCCCTC AGCGCCCCCT 1320 CGCCCTCAGT CCATCAGCCA GATTGACTCT TATTTCTCTC TCCTCTTCGC CGCGGGTGAC 1380 ATATCCCTCT CCTTCTCCCT CTCCCTCTTG ACAACATTTC ATCTTCGCTT CCTTTTGTGA 1440 TATAGTCAGT TTCGCTATCC ATTGAAGCAT CACTCATGGA GTCTCTTCTC CAGCAGTCCC 1500 GGGCGATGTG CCCGTTCCTT AAGCGCACAT CTCCATCTTC TCTGCGTACG CTGGCAACCG 1560 CGACTCGACC TAGCACTAGT TCCGGTGGAG GCACTATGTC TAATCTCCAG GTCATTGCCC 1620 GTCGCTGCCC TGTCATGAGC AAGGCTCTGG CCGTGCAGAG CGCTCGCATG GCCGGTACCA 1680 AAAGATTCAC CTCATGTGCT GCCGGCATCA CCGGTCTCGG CAACAAGCAT TGCCGTGCTC 1740 CTACTGGGAA GAGAACCCTG CACTCCACCT CCGGTAACGG CGCCAATGTG AGCGCAGAGA 1800 TCTACAAGAA CACCCAGCGA GATCCCGCCG GTTTCTCGAA GATCAAGACC CCTGCCAATG 1860 CTACCGCCGC TGCCGCTACG TCTGGCCCTC GTCCAGAGGC TCCCGTGGCG AAGCCTTTCA 1920 ACTACAATTC TTTCTACAAC ACCGAATTGG AAAAGAAACA CAAGGACAAG TCGTATCGCT 1980 ATTTCAACAA CATCAATCGT CTCGCTCAGG AGTTTCCCCG GGCTCACACC ACATCTGCCG 2040 AGGAACGTGT GACGGTCTGG TGCTCGAACG ATTATCTCGG CATGGGCCGC AACCCCGAGG 2100 TTCTGGCCAC CATGCATAAG ACATTGGACA CCTACGGAGC CGGTGCGGGA GGTACTCGCA 2160 ACATTTCAGG TCACAATCAA CATGCCGTGA GCCTGGAGAA CACCCTGGCC AAATTGCACG 2220 GCAAGGAGGC GGCATTAGTC TTCAGCTCAT GCTTCGTGGC TAACGATGCC ACCCTCGCAA 2280 CCCTGGGTAG CAAGTTGCCC GACTGTGTTA TTCTGTCCGA TAGCCTGAAT CATGCATCGA 2340 TGATTCAGGG TATTCGCCAT TCAGGCGCCA AGAAAATGGT TTTCAAGCAT AATGATCTGG 2400 TCGACCTTGA GGCCAAGTTG GCAGCTCTAC CTCTTCATGT CCCCAAGATT ATTGCATTCG 2460 AATCAGTTTA TAGCATGTGC GGATCTATTG CCCCAATTGA GAAGATCTGT GATCTTGCAG 2520 ACAAGTACGG TGCCATTACT TTCCTGGATG AAGTCCACGC TGTGGGAATG TACGGACCTC 2580 ACGGAGCAGG TGTGGCAGAG CACCTTGACT ATGACATCTA TGCTTCCCAA GATACGGTCA 2640 ACCCGCGCAG TACTAAGGGA ACCGTGATGG ACCGAATCGA TATTATCACC GGTACTCTGG 2700 GCAAGGCCTA CGGATGTGTC GGGGGCTACA TTGCTGGATC CGCTGCGATG GTTGACACCA 2760 TCCGCTCCCT CGCCCCTGGC TTCATCTTCA CCACGTCCTT GCCGCCCGCC ACCATGGCTG 2820 GTGCAGACAC TGCTATCCAG TACCAGGCTC GTCACCAGGG CGACCGCGTC CTGCAGCAGT 2880 TGCACACCCG CGCGGTCAAA GCAGCTTTCA AGGAGTTGGA TATTCCTGTA ATTCCCAACC 2940 CCTCCCATAT CATTCCGCTC CTGGTTGGGG ATGCCGAGGT TGCTAAGAAG GCCTCGGACA 3000 AGCTTCTGGA GGAGCATGGA ATTTATGTAC AAGCCATCAA CTACCCAACC GTGCCTCGGG 3060 GTGAAGAGCG GCTTCGTATC ACGCCCACCC CGGGACATAT CAAGGAGCAC CGCGACCACC 3120 TGGTGCAAGC CGTCCAAACA GTCTGGAACG AACTGGGCAT CAAACGCACC AGCGATTGGG 3180 AAGCGCAAGG CGGCTTCGTC GGCGTGGGTG TCGATGGCGC CGAGGCTGAG AACCAGCCGA 3240 TTTGGAATGA TGTGCAGCTG GGGCTGAAGG AAAACGAAGC CATTGAGGCT GCTGTGGAAC 3300 GCGAGTTTGC CGAGGCCCCC ATGCGGACCG CCACCCGTCC TGCCGCGGCT GCTGCTTCGT 3360 CAATCCCGGT GGGTGTGGCT GCCTGAAGTG GCTGCCCGCA TGTGAGCTGA AATCGACGTG 3420 GAATTCTATA CACACACACA CACACACACA CACACACACA CACACACACA CACACACACA 3480 CACACACACA CACACACACT AACACACACT ATGTTATAAA TTCCACATCC ACTCCTTTGT 3540 CCCTTGTTGG ACGTAATTGG TATTTGGACT ATTAGTTAGA ACCAGTCAGT CGTTACCATG 3600 TGTTTCGGTT CGACTCGAAA TCTGACATGT TGTCTGCCCC CATGCCACTT CATCTCCTCC 3660 GTAACCGCAG GGCTTCAAAT ACACTGCCCA GTAATTGTAG TCAATATAGC AGTTAACTAA 3720 CCTTCACCAA TTTCCTAATA ACAATAGAAG GGGCCATACA CGCAGTACCA AAGATCACCT 3780 ACCTCCGATC AATATCCGAA CCTCAGGCTA CATACATCAA GTCGCATTAA TCGATTCCGA 3840 CCTCTGTTTA TCCCTGAAAA TAACTAAGAT CATGATCTAC GTTTGGTAAG TGGGACACCT 3900 ACCTACACTG GGAGGTATTG AATAAAGGCA TCATTCATAT AGTCACAAGA TGCCAGGGCC 3960 AATTCATGAT ATGGATAGCT ACTTCCAAAC ATAATTCAGA GGTATCATTC TGCTCTTCAG 4020 ACAGTTCTTC TCGAAGATCA GTAGGAGCCA GTTTTGACCA TTAACTTGTA ATGTAATTGC 4080 GATTGTAGTA GATCCGAGAT CCATTCACTT TCTAAGGGTT AATTGATTCA TTTTACTGAT 4140 ACCTCACCCA CCATATT 4157 636 amino acids amino acid single linear protein internal not provided 2 Met Glu Ser Leu Leu Gln Gln Ser Arg Ala Met Cys Pro Phe Leu Lys 1 5 10 15 Arg Thr Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Arg Thr Leu Ala Thr Ala Thr Arg Pro 20 25 30 Ser Thr Ser Ser Gly Gly Gly Thr Met Ser Asn Leu Gln Val Ile Ala 35 40 45 Arg Arg Cys Pro Val Met Ser Lys Ala Leu Ala Val Gln Ser Ala Arg 50 55 60 Met Ala Gly Thr Lys Arg Phe Thr Ser Cys Ala Ala Gly Ile Thr Gly 65 70 75 80 Leu Gly Asn Lys His Cys Arg Ala Pro Thr Gly Lys Arg Thr Leu His 85 90 95 Ser Thr Ser Gly Asn Gly Ala Asn Val Ser Ala Glu Ile Tyr Lys Asn 100 105 110 Thr Gln Arg Asp Pro Ala Gly Phe Ser Lys Ile Lys Thr Pro Ala Asn 115 120 125 Ala Thr Ala Ala Ala Ala Thr Ser Gly Pro Arg Pro Glu Ala Pro Val 130 135 140 Ala Lys Pro Phe Asn Tyr Asn Ser Phe Tyr Asn Thr Glu Leu Glu Lys 145 150 155 160 Lys His Lys Asp Lys Ser Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Asn Asn Ile Asn Arg Leu 165 170 175 Ala Gln Glu Phe Pro Arg Ala His Thr Thr Ser Ala Glu Glu Arg Val 180 185 190 Thr Val Trp Cys Ser Asn Asp Tyr Leu Gly Met Gly Arg Asn Pro Glu 195 200 205 Val Leu Ala Thr Met His Lys Thr Leu Asp Thr Tyr Gly Ala Gly Ala 210 215 220 Gly Gly Thr Arg Asn Ile Ser Gly His Asn Gln His Ala Val Ser Leu 225 230 235 240 Glu Asn Thr Leu Ala Lys Leu His Gly Lys Glu Ala Ala Leu Val Phe 245 250 255 Ser Ser Cys Phe Val Ala Asn Asp Ala Thr Leu Ala Thr Leu Gly Ser 260 265 270 Lys Leu Pro Asp Cys Val Ile Leu Ser Asp Ser Leu Asn His Ala Ser 275 280 285 Met Ile Gln Gly Ile Arg His Ser Gly Ala Lys Lys Met Val Phe Lys 290 295 300 His Asn Asp Leu Val Asp Leu Glu Ala Lys Leu Ala Ala Leu Pro Leu 305 310 315 320 His Val Pro Lys Ile Ile Ala Phe Glu Ser Val Tyr Ser Met Cys Gly 325 330 335 Ser Ile Ala Pro Ile Glu Lys Ile Cys Asp Leu Ala Asp Lys Tyr Gly 340 345 350 Ala Ile Thr Phe Leu Asp Glu Val His Ala Val Gly Met Tyr Gly Pro 355 360 365 His Gly Ala Gly Val Ala Glu His Leu Asp Tyr Asp Ile Tyr Ala Ser 370 375 380 Gln Asp Thr Val Asn Pro Arg Ser Thr Lys Gly Thr Val Met Asp Arg 385 390 395 400 Ile Asp Ile Ile Thr Gly Thr Leu Gly Lys Ala Tyr Gly Cys Val Gly 405 410 415 Gly Tyr Ile Ala Gly Ser Ala Ala Met Val Asp Thr Ile Arg Ser Leu 420 425 430 Ala Pro Gly Phe Ile Phe Thr Thr Ser Leu Pro Pro Ala Thr Met Ala 435 440 445 Gly Ala Asp Thr Ala Ile Gln Tyr Gln Ala Arg His Gln Gly Asp Arg 450 455 460 Val Leu Gln Gln Leu His Thr Arg Ala Val Lys Ala Ala Phe Lys Glu 465 470 475 480 Leu Asp Ile Pro Val Ile Pro Asn Pro Ser His Ile Ile Pro Leu Leu 485 490 495 Val Gly Asp Ala Glu Val Ala Lys Lys Ala Ser Asp Lys Leu Leu Glu 500 505 510 Glu His Gly Ile Tyr Val Gln Ala Ile Asn Tyr Pro Thr Val Pro Arg 515 520 525 Gly Glu Glu Arg Leu Arg Ile Thr Pro Thr Pro Gly His Ile Lys Glu 530 535 540 His Arg Asp His Leu Val Gln Ala Val Gln Thr Val Trp Asn Glu Leu 545 550 555 560 Gly Ile Lys Arg Thr Ser Asp Trp Glu Ala Gln Gly Gly Phe Val Gly 565 570 575 Val Gly Val Asp Gly Ala Glu Ala Glu Asn Gln Pro Ile Trp Asn Asp 580 585 590 Val Gln Leu Gly Leu Lys Glu Asn Glu Ala Ile Glu Ala Ala Val Glu 595 600 605 Arg Glu Phe Ala Glu Ala Pro Met Arg Thr Ala Thr Arg Pro Ala Ala 610 615 620 Ala Ala Ala Ser Ser Ile Pro Val Gly Val Ala Ala 625 630 635 1807 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 3 CTGGACCAAT GGTAACCCTC CGTAATTGCC TTACAGATTT AGCCCAGGGG GGTTATGGTA 60 TCCTTGGGTA TTGAGGCCTG GAAATTTTTT TAGCCACCAG TTTACAGCCA GTTTCCGTTT 120 GTAAATATTT CACATCCCCC GACCCTGTCC CAATACAATA ATTTTTTCGC TATATATAAC 180 GCCCCTAGCG TTGTTTTATG ATCCTTAAAT CCTTACTTGT ACCTGAAAAT TGCAACAAAT 240 GTACTGACCT GGATCGCTGG CCATTTATAT CATTGCCCTG CGAAGTCGTA TTCTGCCAGT 300 GGCACAGGCG CTATTCTCTT TTCTTCCCTC CACCGCGTTT CTATCTTCCA TAGCACCCCA 360 CTTGCTTGCC GCTCCTGTCA TTATGTCCTT TTCTAATCTC GTCTCTGACC TCGCCTTCAG 420 AGATTCTCAT GATGACCGAA GTTCTCAGAT ATCTCAGGTA CAATCGCAAG CCACTGCACG 480 ATCGTATACA AGCACAGCTG CCACAAGCGT CAGCATATCT GGCGACATCT CAAGCCAGCT 540 TCATTCCGGT TACAGCCATC CACTGAGCCG ATCATGGCAG GCTGAAAGAC AGTTGACTAA 600 AGTCCGCATT TTCTTTTGTA TTTACTGAGC TGCTCTAACC CCGAGATAGG AAATGCTTAT 660 TTATCCTCTC TTCATCACCG ATAATCCCGA TGAGGAGACT CCTATCCCGT CTCTCCCTGG 720 ACAGTATCGT CGAGGATTAA ACCGTCTAGT TCCTTTCATC AAACCACTTG CCCACAAGGG 780 GCTACGCTCA GTCATCCTGT TTGGCGTCCC ACTACACCCC TCTGCGAAGG ATGCACTAGG 840 TACCGCTGCA GACGATCCAT CTGGACCGGT AATTCAAGCT ATTCGCTTGC TTAGGTCGCG 900 GTTTCCTCAA CTTTATATCG TGACAGATGT GTGCCTTTGC GAGTATACTT CGCATGGCCA 960 CTGTGGGATA CTGCGAGAAG ATGGGACTCT TGATAATACA CAGTCTGTGG ATCGGATTTC 1020 GGATGTTGCT CTGGCTTATG CTGCCGCCGG AGCCCATTGT GTCGCTCCGT CTGATATGAA 1080 TGATGGGCGA GTGCGTGCTA TAAAACTGAA GCTTATTGAA GCCGGGATGG CCCACCGTGT 1140 CCTACTGATG TCCTACAGCG CCAAATTTAG CGGTTGTTTG TACGGCCCTT TCCGTGATGC 1200 AGCGGGGTCC TGCCCATCAT TCGGGGATCG CAGATGCTAC CAGTTACCAC CCGGAGGCCG 1260 TGGACTTGCT CGGCGCGCTA TACAGAGAGA TATAGGCGAA GGGGCAGACA TCATAATGGT 1320 AAAGCCGGCG AGCAGCTACC TGGACATTAT CAGAGACGCA AAAGAAATTG CCAAAGACAT 1380 TCCCATTGCT GCTTACCAGG TCAGCGGTGA GTATGCTATG ATACATGCTG GTGCCAAGGC 1440 GGGCGTATTT GACTTGAAAT CCATGGCCTT TGAAAGTACT GAAGGGATTA TAAGGGCTGG 1500 TGCTGGGATT ATAGTAAGCT ATTTCGTGCC TGATTTTCTA GATTGGCTTT CGAAATGATT 1560 TAGCTAGATG GAGCGTGATG AAAGCATCCA CCAGATAAAT AGCAGTGACG ATCGCGTTTG 1620 AATCATACCT ATTGGAGTAG AAGTCTCGGT ATCTCGTTGG GGATTCTCTA GGTTGCTTAT 1680 TTAACGTAAT GCCACGCCAT GTGTTATATA TTGCCTAAAT ACTTTTATAA AAGATACACC 1740 AAGCTGATGG TGCCAAGTGA CCACTTCTAA TAAATACAAT TATACCAATT CCTCCGAAAT 1800 ATGCGGG 1807 375 amino acids amino acid single linear protein internal not provided 4 Met Ser Phe Ser Asn Leu Val Ser Asp Leu Ala Phe Arg Asp Ser His 1 5 10 15 Asp Asp Arg Ser Ser Gln Ile Ser Gln Val Gln Ser Gln Ala Thr Ala 20 25 30 Arg Ser Tyr Thr Ser Thr Ala Ala Thr Ser Val Ser Ile Ser Gly Asp 35 40 45 Ile Ser Ser Gln Leu His Ser Gly Tyr Ser His Pro Leu Ser Arg Ser 50 55 60 Trp Gln Ala Glu Arg Gln Leu Thr Lys Glu Met Leu Ile Tyr Pro Leu 65 70 75 80 Phe Ile Thr Asp Asn Pro Asp Glu Glu Thr Pro Ile Pro Ser Leu Pro 85 90 95 Gly Gln Tyr Arg Arg Gly Leu Asn Arg Leu Val Pro Phe Ile Lys Pro 100 105 110 Leu Ala His Lys Gly Leu Arg Ser Val Ile Leu Phe Gly Val Pro Leu 115 120 125 His Pro Ser Ala Lys Asp Ala Leu Gly Thr Ala Ala Asp Asp Pro Ser 130 135 140 Gly Pro Val Ile Gln Ala Ile Arg Leu Leu Arg Ser Arg Phe Pro Gln 145 150 155 160 Leu Tyr Ile Val Thr Asp Val Cys Leu Cys Glu Tyr Thr Ser His Gly 165 170 175 His Cys Gly Ile Leu Arg Glu Asp Gly Thr Leu Asp Asn Thr Gln Ser 180 185 190 Val Asp Arg Ile Ser Asp Val Ala Leu Ala Tyr Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala 195 200 205 His Cys Val Ala Pro Ser Asp Met Asn Asp Gly Arg Val Arg Ala Ile 210 215 220 Lys Leu Lys Leu Ile Glu Ala Gly Met Ala His Arg Val Leu Leu Met 225 230 235 240 Ser Tyr Ser Ala Lys Phe Ser Gly Cys Leu Tyr Gly Pro Phe Arg Asp 245 250 255 Ala Ala Gly Ser Cys Pro Ser Phe Gly Asp Arg Arg Cys Tyr Gln Leu 260 265 270 Pro Pro Gly Gly Arg Gly Leu Ala Arg Arg Ala Ile Gln Arg Asp Ile 275 280 285 Gly Glu Gly Ala Asp Ile Ile Met Val Lys Pro Ala Ser Ser Tyr Leu 290 295 300 Asp Ile Ile Arg Asp Ala Lys Glu Ile Ala Lys Asp Ile Pro Ile Ala 305 310 315 320 Ala Tyr Gln Val Ser Gly Glu Tyr Ala Met Ile His Ala Gly Ala Lys 325 330 335 Ala Gly Val Phe Asp Leu Lys Ser Met Ala Phe Glu Ser Thr Glu Gly 340 345 350 Ile Ile Arg Ala Gly Ala Gly Ile Ile Val Ser Tyr Phe Val Pro Asp 355 360 365 Phe Leu Asp Trp Leu Ser Lys 370 375 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 5 TTTATGATGG AGGCCCTTCT CCAGCAGTCT C 31 29 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 6 CTATGCATTT AAGCAGCAGC CGCGACTGG 29 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 7 TCATTTAAAT GATGGAGTCT CTTCTCC 27 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 8 TCTTAATTAA TCAGCTCACA TGCGGG 26 33 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 9 GCGCGAATTC GTNGGNATNG GNATNAAYCA YGG 33 25 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 10 GCGGATCCGG NGGRCARTTN GACAT 25 28 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 11 GCGAATTCAC NCCNCARGTN TTYGAYAC 28 26 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 12 GCGGATCCRA AYTCNCCNGG RAANGG 26 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 13 GCGCGAATTC TGGCARTCNA C 21 22 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 14 GCGCGAATTC TGGCARAGNA TG 22 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 15 GGATCCGACA TYTTNGCCAT NGC 23 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 16 GTYTCRATRT AGAAYTG 17 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 17 TCTCTTCCTT CCTGAATCCT C 21 23 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 18 GTNGCNCCNW SNGAYATGAT GGA 23 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 19 GCRTCNCKRA ANCCRTA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 20 GTGGCTCCGA GTGATAT 17 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 21 GCATCGCGAA AAGGACCG 18 649 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 22 Met Glu Ala Leu Leu Gln Gln Ser Arg Ala Met Cys Pro Phe Leu Lys 1 5 10 15 Arg Ser Ser Pro Asn Thr Leu Arg Ser Leu Ala Thr Ala Thr Arg Pro 20 25 30 Ser Thr Ser Pro Gly Gly Gly Thr Met Thr Asn Leu Gln Arg Ile Ala 35 40 45 Arg Arg Cys Pro Val Met Ser Lys Ala Leu Ala Val Gln Ser Ala Arg 50 55 60 Met Thr Gly Thr Lys Arg Phe Thr Ser Ser Ala Ala Gly Val Pro Gly 65 70 75 80 Ala Gly Ala Gly Thr Pro Lys Pro Thr Arg Gly Ser Pro Gly Lys Arg 85 90 95 Ala Leu His Ser Thr Gly Gly Asn Gly Ala Asn Met Ser Thr Glu Phe 100 105 110 His Lys Gly Ala Gln Gln Ile His Pro Gly Leu Ser Asn Ala Thr Arg 115 120 125 Ser His Val Gly Ala Ser Ala Thr Val Ser Gly Pro Thr Pro Arg Ala 130 135 140 Pro Val Ala Ala Pro Phe Asp Tyr Asp Ala Phe Tyr Asn Ala Glu Leu 145 150 155 160 Gln Lys Lys His Gln Asp Lys Ser Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Asn Asn Ile Asn 165 170 175 Arg Leu Ala Gln Glu Phe Pro Arg Ala His Thr Ala Ser Lys Asp Glu 180 185 190 Lys Val Thr Val Trp Cys Ser Asn Asp Tyr Leu Gly Met Gly Arg Asn 195 200 205 Pro Glu Val Leu Ala Thr Met His Lys Thr Leu Asp Thr Tyr Gly Ala 210 215 220 Gly Ala Gly Gly Thr Arg Asn Ile Ser Gly His Asn Gln His Ala Val 225 230 235 240 Ser Leu Glu Asn Thr Leu Ala Lys Leu His Gly Lys Glu Ala Ala Leu 245 250 255 Val Phe Ser Ser Cys Phe Val Ala Asn Asp Ala Thr Leu Ala Thr Leu 260 265 270 Gly Ser Lys Met Pro Asp Cys Val Ile Leu Ser Asp Ser Leu Asn His 275 280 285 Ala Ser Met Ile Gln Gly Ile Arg His Ser Gly Arg Lys Lys Met Val 290 295 300 Phe Lys His Asn Asp Leu Val Asp Leu Glu Thr Lys Leu Ala Ser Leu 305 310 315 320 Pro Leu His Val Pro Lys Ile Ile Ala Phe Glu Ser Val Tyr Ser Met 325 330 335 Cys Gly Ser Ile Ala Pro Ile Glu Ala Ile Cys Asp Leu Ala Asp Lys 340 345 350 Tyr Gly Ala Ile Thr Phe Leu Asp Glu Val His Ala Val Gly Met Tyr 355 360 365 Gly Pro His Gly Ala Gly Val Ala Glu His Leu Asp Tyr Glu Ile Tyr 370 375 380 Ala Ser Gln Asp Thr Ala Asn Pro Leu Ser Thr Lys Gly Thr Val Met 385 390 395 400 Asp Arg Ile Asn Ile Ile Thr Gly Thr Leu Gly Lys Ala Tyr Gly Cys 405 410 415 Val Gly Gly Tyr Ile Ala Gly Ser Ala Ala Leu Val Asp Thr Ile Arg 420 425 430 Ser Leu Ala Pro Gly Phe Ile Phe Thr Thr Ser Leu Pro Pro Ala Thr 435 440 445 Met Ala Gly Ala Asp Thr Ala Ile Arg Tyr Gln Ala Arg His Gln Gln 450 455 460 Asp Arg Ile Leu Gln Gln Leu His Thr Arg Ala Val Lys Gln Ser Phe 465 470 475 480 Lys Asp Leu Asp Ile Pro Val Ile Pro Asn Pro Ser His Ile Val Pro 485 490 495 Leu Leu Val Gly Asp Ala Glu Leu Ala Lys Gln Ala Ser Asp Lys Leu 500 505 510 Leu Glu Glu His Gly Ile Tyr Val Gln Ala Ile Asn Tyr Pro Thr Val 515 520 525 Pro Arg Gly Glu Glu Arg Leu Arg Ile Thr Pro Thr Pro Gly His Thr 530 535 540 Gln Glu Leu Arg Asp His Leu Val Glu Ala Val Asn Thr Val Trp Asn 545 550 555 560 Asp Leu Gly Ile Lys Arg Ala Ser Asp Trp Lys Ala Met Gly Gly Phe 565 570 575 Val Gly Val Gly Val Glu Ala Ala Glu Leu Glu Asn Gln Pro Ile Trp 580 585 590 Thr Asp Ala Gln Leu Asn Met Arg Pro Asp Glu Thr Leu Glu Ala Ala 595 600 605 Val Glu Arg Glu Phe Gln Ala Ala Val Pro Gly Met Lys Ala Gly Gly 610 615 620 Ala Lys Ala Lys Pro Val Gly Ser Ile Ala Ala Asn Pro Ile Gly Ala 625 630 635 640 Ser Ile Pro Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Glx 645 548 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 23 Met Gln Arg Ser Ile Phe Ala Arg Phe Gly Asn Ser Ser Ala Ala Val 1 5 10 15 Ser Thr Leu Asn Arg Leu Ser Thr Thr Ala Ala Pro His Ala Lys Asn 20 25 30 Gly Tyr Ala Thr Ala Thr Gly Ala Gly Ala Ala Ala Ala Thr Ala Thr 35 40 45 Ala Ser Ser Thr His Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Asn His 50 55 60 Ser Thr Gln Glu Ser Gly Phe Asp Tyr Glu Gly Leu Ile Asp Ser Glu 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Lys Lys Arg Leu Asp Lys Ser Tyr Arg Tyr Phe Asn Asn Ile 85 90 95 Asn Arg Leu Ala Lys Glu Phe Pro Leu Ala His Arg Gln Arg Glu Ala 100 105 110 Asp Lys Val Thr Val Trp Cys Ser Asn Asp Tyr Leu Ala Leu Ser Lys 115 120 125 His Pro Glu Val Leu Asp Ala Met His Lys Thr Ile Asp Lys Tyr Gly 130 135 140 Cys Gly Ala Gly Gly Thr Arg Asn Ile Ala Gly His Asn Ile Pro Thr 145 150 155 160 Leu Asn Leu Glu Ala Glu Leu Ala Thr Leu His Lys Lys Glu Gly Ala 165 170 175 Leu Val Phe Ser Ser Cys Tyr Val Ala Asn Asp Ala Val Leu Ser Leu 180 185 190 Leu Gly Gln Lys Met Lys Asp Leu Val Ile Phe Ser Asp Glu Leu Asn 195 200 205 His Ala Ser Met Ile Val Gly Ile Lys His Ala Asn Val Lys Lys His 210 215 220 Ile Phe Lys His Asn Asp Leu Asn Glu Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Gln Ser 225 230 235 240 Tyr Pro Lys Ser Val Pro Lys Leu Ile Ala Phe Glu Ser Val Tyr Ser 245 250 255 Met Ala Gly Ser Val Ala Asp Ile Glu Lys Ile Cys Asp Leu Ala Asp 260 265 270 Lys Tyr Gly Ala Leu Thr Phe Leu Asp Glu Val His Ala Val Gly Leu 275 280 285 Tyr Gly Pro His Gly Ala Gly Val Ala Glu His Cys Asp Phe Glu Ser 290 295 300 His Arg Ala Ser Gly Ile Ala Thr Pro Lys Thr Asn Asp Lys Gly Gly 305 310 315 320 Ala Lys Thr Val Met Asp Arg Val Asp Met Ile Thr Gly Thr Leu Gly 325 330 335 Lys Ser Phe Gly Ser Val Gly Gly Tyr Val Ala Ala Ser Arg Lys Leu 340 345 350 Ile Asp Trp Phe Arg Ser Phe Ala Pro Gly Phe Ile Phe Thr Thr Thr 355 360 365 Leu Pro Pro Ser Val Met Ala Gly Ala Thr Ala Ala Ile Arg Tyr Gln 370 375 380 Arg Cys His Ile Asp Leu Arg Thr Ser Gln Gln Lys His Thr Met Tyr 385 390 395 400 Val Lys Lys Ala Phe His Glu Leu Gly Ile Pro Val Ile Pro Asn Pro 405 410 415 Ser His Ile Val Pro Val Leu Ile Gly Asn Ala Asp Leu Ala Lys Gln 420 425 430 Ala Ser Asp Ile Leu Ile Asn Lys His Gln Ile Tyr Val Gln Ala Ile 435 440 445 Asn Phe Pro Thr Val Ala Arg Gly Thr Glu Arg Leu Arg Ile Thr Pro 450 455 460 Thr Pro Gly His Thr Asn Asp Leu Ser Asp Ile Leu Ile Asn Ala Val 465 470 475 480 Asp Asp Val Phe Asn Glu Leu Gln Leu Pro Arg Val Arg Asp Trp Glu 485 490 495 Ser Gln Gly Gly Leu Leu Gly Val Gly Glu Ser Gly Phe Val Glu Glu 500 505 510 Ser Asn Leu Trp Thr Ser Ser Gln Leu Ser Leu Thr Asn Asp Asp Leu 515 520 525 Asn Pro Asn Val Arg Asp Pro Ile Val Lys Gln Leu Glu Val Ser Ser 530 535 540 Gly Ile Lys Gln 545 587 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 24 Met Val Thr Ala Ala Met Leu Leu Gln Cys Cys Pro Val Leu Ala Arg 1 5 10 15 Gly Pro Thr Ser Leu Leu Gly Lys Val Val Lys Thr His Gln Phe Leu 20 25 30 Phe Gly Ile Gly Arg Cys Pro Ile Leu Ala Thr Gln Gly Pro Asn Cys 35 40 45 Ser Gln Ile His Leu Lys Ala Thr Lys Ala Gly Gly Asp Ser Pro Ser 50 55 60 Trp Ala Lys Gly His Cys Pro Phe Met Leu Ser Glu Leu Gln Asp Gly 65 70 75 80 Lys Ser Lys Ile Val Gln Lys Ala Ala Pro Glu Val Gln Glu Asp Val 85 90 95 Lys Ala Phe Lys Thr Asp Leu Pro Ser Ser Leu Val Ser Val Ser Leu 100 105 110 Arg Lys Pro Phe Ser Gly Pro Gln Glu Gln Glu Gln Ile Ser Gly Lys 115 120 125 Val Thr His Leu Ile Gln Asn Asn Met Pro Gly Asn Tyr Val Phe Ser 130 135 140 Tyr Asp Gln Phe Phe Arg Asp Lys Ile Met Glu Lys Lys Gln Asp His 145 150 155 160 Thr Tyr Arg Val Phe Lys Thr Val Asn Arg Trp Ala Asp Ala Tyr Pro 165 170 175 Phe Ala Gln His Phe Phe Glu Ala Ser Val Ala Ser Lys Asp Val Ser 180 185 190 Val Trp Cys Ser Asn Asp Tyr Leu Gly Met Ser Arg His Pro Gln Val 195 200 205 Leu Gln Ala Thr Gln Glu Thr Leu Gln Arg His Gly Ala Gly Ala Gly 210 215 220 Gly Thr Arg Asn Ile Ser Gly Thr Ser Lys Phe His Val Glu Leu Glu 225 230 235 240 Gln Glu Leu Ala Glu Leu His Gln Lys Asp Ser Ala Leu Leu Phe Ser 245 250 255 Ser Cys Phe Val Ala Asn Asp Ser Thr Leu Phe Thr Leu Ala Lys Ile 260 265 270 Leu Pro Gly Cys Glu Ile Tyr Ser Asp Ala Gly Asn His Ala Ser Met 275 280 285 Ile Gln Gly Ile Arg Asn Ser Gly Ala Ala Lys Phe Val Phe Arg His 290 295 300 Asn Asp Pro Asp His Leu Lys Lys Leu Leu Glu Lys Ser Asn Pro Lys 305 310 315 320 Ile Pro Lys Ile Val Ala Phe Glu Thr Val His Ser Met Asp Gly Ala 325 330 335 Ile Cys Pro Leu Glu Glu Leu Cys Asp Val Ser His Gln Tyr Gly Ala 340 345 350 Leu Thr Phe Val Asp Glu Val His Ala Val Gly Leu Tyr Gly Ser Arg 355 360 365 Gly Ala Gly Ile Gly Glu Arg Asp Gly Ile Met His Lys Ile Asp Ile 370 375 380 Ile Ser Gly Thr Leu Gly Lys Ala Phe Gly Cys Val Gly Gly Tyr Ile 385 390 395 400 Ala Ser Thr Arg Asp Leu Val Asp Met Val Arg Ser Tyr Ala Ala Gly 405 410 415 Phe Ile Phe Thr Thr Ser Leu Pro Pro Met Val Leu Ser Gly Ala Leu 420 425 430 Glu Ser Val Arg Leu Leu Lys Gly Glu Glu Gly Gln Ala Leu Arg Arg 435 440 445 Ala His Gln Arg Asn Val Lys His Met Arg Gln Leu Leu Met Asp Arg 450 455 460 Gly Leu Pro Val Ile Pro Cys Pro Ser His Ile Ile Pro Ile Arg Val 465 470 475 480 Gly Asn Ala Ala Leu Asn Ser Lys Leu Cys Asp Leu Leu Leu Ser Lys 485 490 495 His Gly Ile Tyr Val Gln Ala Ile Asn Tyr Pro Thr Val Pro Arg Gly 500 505 510 Glu Glu Leu Leu Arg Leu Ala Pro Ser Pro His His Ser Pro Gln Met 515 520 525 Met Glu Asp Phe Val Glu Lys Leu Leu Leu Ala Trp Thr Ala Val Gly 530 535 540 Leu Pro Leu Gln Asp Val Ser Val Ala Ala Cys Asn Phe Cys Arg Arg 545 550 555 560 Pro Val His Phe Glu Leu Met Ser Glu Trp Glu Arg Ser Tyr Phe Gly 565 570 575 Asn Met Gly Pro Gln Tyr Val Thr Thr Tyr Ala 580 585 342 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 25 Met His Thr Ala Glu Phe Leu Glu Thr Glu Pro Thr Glu Ile Ser Ser 1 5 10 15 Val Leu Ala Gly Gly Tyr Asn His Pro Leu Leu Arg Gln Trp Gln Ser 20 25 30 Glu Arg Gln Leu Thr Lys Asn Met Leu Ile Phe Pro Leu Phe Ile Ser 35 40 45 Asp Asn Pro Asp Asp Phe Thr Glu Ile Asp Ser Leu Pro Asn Ile Asn 50 55 60 Arg Ile Gly Val Asn Arg Leu Lys Asp Tyr Leu Lys Pro Leu Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Lys Gly Leu Arg Ser Val Ile Leu Phe Gly Val Pro Leu Ile Pro Gly 85 90 95 Thr Lys Asp Pro Val Gly Thr Ala Ala Asp Asp Pro Ala Gly Pro Val 100 105 110 Ile Gln Gly Ile Lys Phe Ile Arg Glu Tyr Phe Pro Glu Leu Tyr Ile 115 120 125 Ile Cys Asp Val Cys Leu Cys Glu Tyr Thr Ser His Gly His Cys Gly 130 135 140 Val Leu Tyr Asp Asp Gly Thr Ile Asn Arg Glu Arg Ser Val Ser Arg 145 150 155 160 Leu Ala Ala Val Ala Val Asn Tyr Ala Lys Ala Gly Ala His Cys Val 165 170 175 Ala Pro Ser Asp Met Ile Asp Gly Arg Ile Arg Asp Ile Lys Arg Gly 180 185 190 Leu Ile Asn Ala Asn Leu Ala His Lys Thr Phe Val Leu Ser Tyr Ala 195 200 205 Ala Lys Phe Ser Gly Asn Leu Tyr Gly Pro Phe Arg Asp Ala Ala Cys 210 215 220 Ser Ala Pro Ser Asn Gly Asp Arg Lys Cys Tyr Gln Leu Pro Pro Ala 225 230 235 240 Gly Arg Gly Leu Ala Arg Arg Ala Leu Glu Arg Asp Met Ser Glu Gly 245 250 255 Ala Asp Gly Ile Ile Val Lys Pro Ser Thr Phe Tyr Leu Asp Ile Met 260 265 270 Arg Asp Ala Ser Glu Ile Cys Lys Asp Leu Pro Ile Cys Ala Tyr His 275 280 285 Val Ser Asp Glu Tyr Ala Met Leu His Ala Ala Ala Glu Lys Gly Val 290 295 300 Val Asp Leu Lys Thr Ile Ala Phe Glu Ser His Gln Gly Phe Leu Arg 305 310 315 320 Ala Gly Ala Arg Leu Ile Ile Thr Tyr Leu Ala Pro Glu Phe Leu Asp 325 330 335 Trp Leu Asp Glu Glu Asn 340 330 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 26 Met Gln Pro Gln Ser Val Leu His Ser Gly Tyr Phe His Pro Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Arg Ala Trp Gln Thr Ala Thr Thr Thr Leu Asn Ala Ser Asn Leu Ile 20 25 30 Tyr Pro Ile Phe Val Thr Asp Val Pro Asp Asp Ile Gln Pro Ile Thr 35 40 45 Ser Leu Pro Gly Val Ala Arg Tyr Gly Val Lys Arg Leu Glu Glu Met 50 55 60 Leu Arg Pro Leu Val Glu Glu Gly Leu Arg Cys Val Leu Ile Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Ser Arg Val Pro Lys Asp Glu Arg Gly Ser Ala Ala Asp Ser 85 90 95 Glu Glu Ser Pro Ala Ile Glu Ala Ile His Leu Leu Arg Lys Thr Phe 100 105 110 Pro Asn Leu Leu Val Ala Cys Asp Val Cys Leu Cys Pro Tyr Thr Ser 115 120 125 His Gly His Cys Gly Leu Leu Ser Glu Asn Gly Ala Phe Arg Ala Glu 130 135 140 Glu Ser Arg Gln Arg Leu Ala Glu Val Ala Leu Ala Tyr Ala Lys Ala 145 150 155 160 Gly Cys Gln Val Val Ala Pro Ser Asp Met Met Asp Gly Arg Val Glu 165 170 175 Ala Ile Lys Glu Ala Leu Met Ala His Gly Leu Gly Asn Arg Val Ser 180 185 190 Val Met Ser Tyr Ser Ala Lys Phe Ala Ser Cys Phe Tyr Gly Pro Phe 195 200 205 Arg Asp Ala Ala Lys Ser Ser Pro Ala Phe Gly Asp Arg Arg Cys Tyr 210 215 220 Gln Leu Pro Pro Gly Ala Arg Gly Leu Ala Leu Arg Ala Val Asp Arg 225 230 235 240 Asp Val Arg Glu Gly Ala Asp Met Leu Met Val Lys Pro Gly Met Pro 245 250 255 Tyr Leu Asp Ile Val Arg Glu Val Lys Asp Lys His Pro Asp Leu Pro 260 265 270 Leu Ala Val Tyr His Val Ser Gly Glu Phe Ala Met Leu Trp His Gly 275 280 285 Ala Gln Ala Gly Ala Phe Asp Leu Lys Ala Ala Val Leu Glu Ala Met 290 295 300 Thr Ala Phe Arg Arg Ala Gly Ala Asp Ile Ile Ile Thr Tyr Tyr Thr 305 310 315 320 Pro Gln Leu Leu Gln Trp Leu Lys Glu Glu 325 330 330 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 27 Met His His Gln Ser Val Leu His Ser Gly Tyr Phe His Pro Leu Leu 1 5 10 15 Arg Ala Trp Gln Thr Thr Pro Ser Thr Val Ser Ala Thr Asn Leu Ile 20 25 30 Tyr Pro Ile Phe Val Thr Asp Val Pro Asp Asp Val Gln Pro Ile Ala 35 40 45 Ser Leu Pro Gly Val Ala Arg Tyr Gly Val Asn Gln Leu Glu Glu Met 50 55 60 Leu Arg Pro Leu Val Glu Ala Gly Leu Arg Cys Val Leu Ile Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Val Pro Ser Arg Val Pro Lys Asp Glu Gln Gly Ser Ala Ala Asp Ser 85 90 95 Glu Asp Ser Pro Thr Ile Glu Ala Val Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys Thr Phe 100 105 110 Pro Thr Leu Leu Val Ala Cys Asp Val Cys Leu Cys Pro Tyr Thr Ser 115 120 125 His Gly His Cys Gly Leu Leu Ser Glu Asn Gly Ala Phe Leu Ala Glu 130 135 140 Glu Ser Arg Gln Arg Leu Ala Glu Val Ala Leu Ala Tyr Ala Lys Ala 145 150 155 160 Gly Cys Gln Val Val Ala Pro Ser Asp Met Met Asp Gly Arg Val Glu 165 170 175 Ala Ile Lys Ala Ala Leu Leu Lys His Gly Leu Gly Asn Arg Val Ser 180 185 190 Val Met Ser Tyr Ser Ala Lys Phe Ala Ser Cys Phe Tyr Gly Pro Phe 195 200 205 Arg Asp Ala Ala Gln Ser Ser Pro Ala Phe Gly Asp Arg Arg Cys Tyr 210 215 220 Gln Leu Pro Pro Gly Ala Arg Gly Leu Ala Leu Arg Ala Val Ala Arg 225 230 235 240 Asp Ile Gln Glu Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Met Val Lys Pro Gly Leu Pro 245 250 255 Tyr Leu Asp Met Val Gln Glu Val Lys Asp Lys His Pro Glu Leu Pro 260 265 270 Leu Ala Val Tyr Gln Val Ser Gly Glu Phe Ala Met Leu Trp His Gly 275 280 285 Ala Lys Ala Gly Ala Phe Asp Leu Arg Thr Ala Val Leu Glu Ser Met 290 295 300 Thr Ala Phe Arg Arg Ala Gly Ala Asp Ile Ile Ile Thr Tyr Phe Ala 305 310 315 320 Pro Gln Leu Leu Lys Trp Leu Lys Glu Glu 325 330 323 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 28 Thr Asp Leu Ile Gln Arg Pro Arg Arg Leu Arg Lys Ser Pro Ala Leu 1 5 10 15 Pro Arg Met Phe Glu Glu Thr Thr Leu Ser Leu Asn Asp Leu Val Leu 20 25 30 Pro Ile Phe Val Glu Glu Glu Ile Asp Asp Tyr Lys Ala Val Glu Ala 35 40 45 Met Pro Gly Val Met Arg Ile Pro Glu Lys His Leu Ala Arg Glu Ile 50 55 60 Glu Arg Ile Ala Asn Ala Gly Ile Arg Ser Val Met Thr Phe Gly Ile 65 70 75 80 Ser His His Thr Asp Glu Thr Gly Glu Arg Ala Trp Arg Glu Asp Gly 85 90 95 Leu Val Ala Arg Met Ser Arg Ile Cys Lys Gln Thr Val Pro Glu Met 100 105 110 Ile Val Met Ser Asp Thr Cys Phe Cys Glu Tyr Thr Ser His Gly His 115 120 125 Cys Gly Val Leu Cys Glu His Gly Val Asp Asn Asp Ala Thr Leu Glu 130 135 140 Asn Leu Gly Lys Gln Ala Val Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Gly Ala Asp Phe 145 150 155 160 Ile Ala Pro Ser Ala Ala Met Asp Gly Gln Val Gln Ala Ile Arg Gln 165 170 175 Ala Leu Asp Ala Ala Gly Phe Lys Asp Thr Ala Ile Met Ser Tyr Ser 180 185 190 Thr Lys Phe Ala Ser Ser Phe Tyr Gly Pro Phe Arg Glu Ala Ala Gly 195 200 205 Ser Ala Leu Lys Gly Asp Arg Lys Ser Tyr Gln Met Asn Pro Met Asn 210 215 220 Arg Ala Glu Gly Ile Ala Glu Tyr Leu Leu Asp Glu Ala Gln Gly Ala 225 230 235 240 Asp Cys Leu Met Val Lys Pro Ala Gly Ala Tyr Leu Asp Ile Val Arg 245 250 255 Glu Leu Arg Glu Arg Thr Glu Leu Pro Ile Gly Ala Tyr Gln Val Ser 260 265 270 Gly Glu Tyr Ala Met Ile Lys Phe Ala Ala Leu Ala Gly Ala Ile Asp 275 280 285 Glu Glu Lys Val Val Leu Glu Ser Leu Gly Ser Ile Lys Arg Ala Gly 290 295 300 Ala Asp Leu Ile Phe Ser Tyr Phe Ala Leu Asp Leu Ala Glu Lys Lys 305 310 315 320 Ile Leu Arg 398 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 29 His Thr Phe Val Asp Leu Lys Ser Pro Phe Thr Leu Ser Asn Tyr Leu 1 5 10 15 Ser Phe Ser Ser Ser Lys Arg Arg Gln Pro Pro Ser Leu Phe Thr Val 20 25 30 Arg Ala Ser Asp Ser Asp Phe Glu Ala Ala Val Val Ala Gly Lys Val 35 40 45 Pro Glu Ala Pro Pro Val Pro Pro Thr Pro Ala Ser Pro Ala Gly Thr 50 55 60 Pro Val Val Pro Ser Leu Pro Ile Gln Arg Arg Pro Arg Arg Asn Arg 65 70 75 80 Arg Ser Pro Ala Leu Arg Ser Ala Phe Gln Glu Thr Thr Leu Ser Pro 85 90 95 Ala Asn Phe Val Tyr Pro Leu Phe Ile His Glu Gly Glu Glu Asp Thr 100 105 110 Pro Ile Gly Ala Met Pro Gly Cys Tyr Arg Leu Gly Trp Arg His Gly 115 120 125 Leu Leu Glu Glu Val Ala Lys Ala Arg Asp Val Gly Val Asn Ser Val 130 135 140 Val Leu Phe Pro Lys Ile Pro Asp Ala Leu Lys Thr Pro Thr Gly Asp 145 150 155 160 Glu Ala Tyr Asn Glu Asp Gly Leu Val Pro Arg Ser Ile Arg Leu Leu 165 170 175 Lys Asp Lys Tyr Pro Asp Leu Ile Ile Tyr Thr Asp Val Ala Leu Asp 180 185 190 Pro Tyr Ser Ser Asp Gly His Asp Gly Ile Val Arg Glu Asp Gly Val 195 200 205 Ile Met Asn Asp Glu Thr Val His Gln Leu Cys Lys Gln Ala Val Ala 210 215 220 Gln Ala Arg Ala Gly Ala Asp Val Val Ser Pro Ser Asp Met Met Asp 225 230 235 240 Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Met Arg Val Ala Leu Asp Ala Glu Gly Phe Gln 245 250 255 His Val Ser Ile Met Ser Tyr Thr Ala Lys Tyr Ala Ser Ser Phe Tyr 260 265 270 Gly Pro Phe Arg Glu Ala Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro Arg Phe Gly Asp Lys 275 280 285 Lys Thr Tyr Gln Met Asn Pro Ala Asn Tyr Arg Glu Ala Leu Thr Glu 290 295 300 Met Arg Glu Asp Glu Ser Glu Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Leu Val Lys Pro 305 310 315 320 Gly Leu Pro Tyr Leu Asp Ile Ile Arg Leu Leu Arg Asp Asn Ser Pro 325 330 335 Leu Pro Ile Ala Ala Tyr Gln Val Ser Gly Glu Tyr Ser Met Ile Lys 340 345 350 Ala Gly Gly Ala Leu Lys Met Ile Asp Glu Glu Lys Val Met Met Glu 355 360 365 Ser Leu Leu Cys Leu Arg Arg Ala Gly Ala Asp Ile Ile Leu Thr Tyr 370 375 380 Phe Ala Leu Gln Ala Ala Arg Thr Leu Cys Gly Glu Lys Arg 385 390 395 323 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 30 Met Ser Gln Ser Phe Asn Arg His Arg Arg Leu Arg Thr Ser Lys Ala 1 5 10 15 Met Arg Glu Met Val Lys Glu Thr Arg Leu His Pro Ser Asp Phe Ile 20 25 30 Tyr Pro Ile Phe Val Val Glu Gly Leu Glu Gly Lys Lys Ala Val Pro 35 40 45 Ser Met Pro Asp Val His His Val Ser Leu Asp Leu Leu Lys Asp Glu 50 55 60 Val Ala Glu Leu Val Lys Leu Gly Ile Gln Ser Val Ile Val Phe Gly 65 70 75 80 Ile Pro Glu Glu Lys Asp Asp Cys Gly Thr Gln Ala Tyr His Asp His 85 90 95 Gly Ile Val Gln Lys Ala Ile Thr Glu Ile Lys Glu His Phe Pro Glu 100 105 110 Met Val Val Val Ala Asp Thr Cys Leu Cys Glu Tyr Thr Asp His Gly 115 120 125 His Cys Gly Leu Val Lys Asp Gly Val Ile Leu Asn Asp Glu Ser Leu 130 135 140 Glu Leu Leu Ala Gln Thr Ala Val Ser Gln Ala Lys Ala Gly Ala Asp 145 150 155 160 Ile Ile Ala Pro Ser Asn Met Met Asp Gly Phe Val Thr Val Ile Arg 165 170 175 Glu Ala Leu Asp Lys Glu Gly Phe Val Asn Ile Pro Ile Met Ser Tyr 180 185 190 Ala Val Lys Tyr Ser Ser Glu Phe Tyr Gly Pro Phe Arg Asp Ala Ala 195 200 205 Asn Ser Thr Pro Gln Phe Gly Asp Arg Lys Thr Tyr Gln Met Asp Pro 210 215 220 Ala Asn Arg Met Glu Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala Gln Ser Asp Val Glu Glu 225 230 235 240 Gly Ala Asp Phe Leu Ile Val Lys Pro Ser Leu Ser Tyr Met Asp Ile 245 250 255 Met Arg Asp Val Lys Asn Glu Phe Thr Leu Pro Leu Val Ala Tyr Val 260 265 270 Ser Gly Glu Tyr Ser Met Val Lys Ala Ala Ala Gln Asn Gly Trp Ile 275 280 285 Lys Glu Lys Glu Ile Val Leu Glu Ile Leu Thr Ser Met Lys Arg Ala 290 295 300 Gly Ala Asp Leu Ile Ile Thr Tyr His Ala Lys Asp Ala Ala Lys Trp 305 310 315 320 Leu Ala Glu 424 amino acids amino acid single linear None not provided 31 Met Met Ala Ser Thr Phe Asn Ile Pro Cys Asn Ala Gly Thr Ile Lys 1 5 10 15 Asn Phe Asn Asn Ser Gln Arg Asn Leu Gly Phe Ser Ser Asn Leu Gly 20 25 30 Ile Asn Phe Ala Lys Thr Arg Phe Ser Asn Cys Gly Asp Ser Gly Arg 35 40 45 Ile Pro Ser Gln Leu Val Val Arg Ala Ser Glu Arg Arg Asp Asn Leu 50 55 60 Thr Gln Gln Lys Thr Gly Leu Ser Ile Glu Glu Cys Glu Ala Ala Val 65 70 75 80 Val Ala Gly Asn Ala Pro Ser Ala Pro Pro Val Pro Pro Thr Pro Lys 85 90 95 Ala Pro Ser Gly Thr Pro Ser Val Ser Pro Leu Ser Leu Gly Arg Arg 100 105 110 Pro Arg Arg Asn Arg Thr Ser Pro Val Phe Arg Ala Ala Phe Gln Glu 115 120 125 Thr Thr Leu Ser Pro Ala Asn Val Val Tyr Pro Leu Phe Ile His Glu 130 135 140 Gly Glu Glu Asp Thr Pro Ile Gly Ala Met Pro Gly Cys Tyr Arg Leu 145 150 155 160 Gly Trp Arg His Gly Leu Val Glu Glu Val Ala Lys Ala Arg Asp Val 165 170 175 Val Val Asn Ser Ile Val Val Phe Pro Lys Pro Asp Ala Leu Lys Ser 180 185 190 Pro Thr Gly Asp Glu Ala Tyr Asn Glu Asn Gly Leu Val Pro Arg Thr 195 200 205 Ile Arg Met Leu Lys Asp Lys Phe Pro Asp Leu Ile Ile Tyr Thr Asp 210 215 220 Val Ala Leu Asp Pro Tyr Tyr Tyr Asp Gly His Asp Gly Ile Val Thr 225 230 235 240 Gln His Gly Val Ile Met Asn Asp Glu Thr Val His Gln Leu Cys Lys 245 250 255 Gln Ala Val Ala Gln Ala Arg Ala Gly Ala Asp Val Val Ser Pro Ser 260 265 270 Asp Met Met Asp Gly Arg Val Gly Ala Ile Arg Ala Ala Leu Asp Ala 275 280 285 Glu Gly Tyr Ser Asn Val Ser Ile Met Ser Tyr Thr Ala Lys Tyr Ala 290 295 300 Ser Ser Phe Tyr Pro Arg Phe Gly Asp Lys Lys Thr Tyr Gln Met Asn 305 310 315 320 Pro Ala Asn Tyr Arg Glu Ala Leu Ile Glu Thr Gln Glu Asp Glu Ser 325 330 335 Glu Gly Ala Asp Ile Leu Leu Val Lys Pro Gly Leu Pro Tyr Leu Asp 340 345 350 Ile Ile Arg Leu Leu Arg Asp Asn Ser Asp Leu Pro Ile Ala Ala Tyr 355 360 365 Gln Val Ser Gly Glu Tyr Ser Met Ile Lys Ala Gly Gly Val Leu Lys 370 375 380 Met Ile Asp Glu Glu Lys Val Met Leu Glu Ser Leu Leu Cys Leu Arg 385 390 395 400 Arg Ala Gly Ala Asp Ile Ile Leu Thr Tyr Phe Ala Leu Gln Ala Ala 405 410 415 Arg Cys Leu Cys Gly Glu Lys Arg 420 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 32 ATGCATCTGG AAACGCAACC CTGA 24 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 33 ATGCATTCTA CGCCAGGACC GAGC 24 21 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 34 TGGTGTACAG GGGCATAAAA T 21 34 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 35 ATTTAAATCC AGTTGTGTAT ATAGAGGATT GTGG 34 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 36 ATTTAAATGA TGAGGAGCTC CCTTGTGCTG 30 29 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 37 TTAATTAACT AGAGTCGACC CAGCCGCGC 29 33 base pairs nucleic acid single linear not provided 38 GCATATTTAA ATGATGTCCT TTTCTAATCT CGT 33 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear cDNA not provided 39 ATATTAATTA ATCCATCTAG CTAAATCATT 30 

What is claimed is:
 1. A recombinant filamentous fungal cell capable of producing a secreted hemoprotein, comprising: (i) one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell, wherein the one or more of the first control sequences are operably linked to the first nucleic acid sequence; and/or (ii) one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme.
 2. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein one or more first control sequences are introduced into the filamentous fungal cell.
 3. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 2, wherein the first control sequences are selected from the group consisting of a leader, polyadenylation sequence, promoter, propeptide coding region, signal peptide coding region, and transcription terminator.
 4. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 2, wherein the one or more first control sequences are obtained from a filamentous fungal strain.
 5. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more heme biosynthetic enzymes operably linked to one or more second control sequences which direct the expression of the second nucleic acid sequences are introduced into the filamentous fungal cell.
 6. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 5, wherein the one or more second nucleic acid sequences are obtained from a filamentous fungal strain.
 7. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 5, wherein the one or more second nucleic acid sequences encode one or more heme biosynthetic enzymes selected from the group consisting of a 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, porphobilinogen synthase, porphobilinogen deaminase, uroporphyrinogen synthase, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, and ferrochelatase.
 8. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 7, wherein the one or more second nucleic acid sequences encode the 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
 9. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 8, wherein the one or more second acid sequences have a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
 10. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 5, wherein the one or more second nucleic acid sequences encode a porphobilinogen synthase.
 11. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 10, wherein the one or more second nucleic acid sequences encode the porphobilinogen synthase having an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4.
 12. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 11, wherein the porphobilinogen synthase has a nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.
 13. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein one or more copies of the control sequences and one or more copies of the second nucleic acid sequence are introduced into the filamentous fungal cell.
 14. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, further comprising one or more copies of a third nucleic acid sequence encoding the secreted hemoprotein.
 15. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 1, wherein the secreted hemoprotein is an oxidoreductase.
 16. The recombinant filamentous fungal cell of claim 15, wherein the oxidoreductase is a catalase, oxidase, oxygenase, haloperoxidase, or peroxidase.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the secreted hemoprotein is native to the filamentous fungal cell.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the secreted hemoprotein is foreign to the filamentous fungal cell.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the filamentous fungal cell is a cell of a species of Acremonium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Humicola, Myceliophthora, Mucor, Neurospora, Penicillium, Thielavia, Tolypocladium, or Trichoderma.
 20. A method for producing a recombinant filamentous fungal cell, comprising introducing into the recombinant filamentous fungal cell (i) one or more first control sequences capable of directing the expression of a heme biosynthetic enzyme encoded by a first nucleic acid sequence endogenous to the filamentous fungal cell, wherein the one or more of the first control sequences are operably linked to the first nucleic acid sequence; and/or (ii) one or more copies of one or more second nucleic acid sequences encoding a heme biosynthetic enzyme. 